The Theory of Reconsolidation - 753 Words

The Theory of Reconsolidation - What is it and how can it impact on our lives? Learning is a very important aspect of humans and creatures alike. Not only is it essential to the survival and adaption into this world but it also defines who we are as individuals (Schiller et al, 2010; Tronson Taylor, 2007). Memories from past experiences shape the people that we are today. A crucial element to learning is memory, without it we would not be able to retain information. The process of memory is very distinct and consists of several different stages: acquisition of memory, consolidation, retrieval and then either reconsolidation or extinction (Debiec Ledoux, 2004; Diergaarde, Schoffelmeer De Vries, 2008). As memory is such a critical aspect of learning, it is no wonder that its distinct process has become the topic of much research in the neurobiological universe (Hupbach et al, 2007; Nader Hardt, 2009). After a new memory is learnt, it enters the process of encoding during which the memory is labile and capable of disruption until it becomes stabilised over a period of time (Nader Einarsson, 2010; Nader et al, 2000). This process is called consolidation and originally consisted of the theory that once stabilised in the brain, it remains fixed (Suzuki et al, 2004). This theory has been rebutted by the acceptance of reconsolidation, a theory that imposes the ideology that when memories are retrieved, through similar experiences (Lee, 2009), they become labile until,Show MoreRelatedUnderlying Neurobiological Processes1706 Words   |  7 Pages2012; Si et al., 2012). This is known as memory reconsolidation (Yue et al.; Si et al.). Finally, the re-exposure to a particular context without reinforcement can lead to memory extinction (Merlo Romano, 2008).That is, the temporary weakening of an earlier conditioned response can lead to extinction (Merlo Romano). However, the number of eve nts or duration of a single event in that exposure will determine whether memory extinction or reconsolidation is activated (Merlo Romano). Although learningRead MoreThe Process of Memory Reconsolidation1581 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, much debate and research has occurred over the process of memory reconsolidation. Understanding the processes that underlie memory formation retrieval and storage is key to understanding and guiding treatment for patients with conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder. This essay discusses the processes of consolidation and how that impacts on reconsolidation and the implications of this knowledge on patients suffering posttraumatic stress disorder. Much psychological researchRead MoreThe Curent Understanding of the Neurobiology of Memory Reconsolidation and Its Implications for Psychology1863 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay is focusing on the current understanding of the neurobiology of memory reconsolidation and its implications for psychology. This paper will specifically focus on the molecular mechanisms of reconsolidation and research relating to fear memories and using propranolol and D-cycloserine as a treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Memory consolidation is the process by which memories are stabilised after being acquired. Consolidation studies have traditionally focused on the hippocampusRead MoreTaking a Look at Memory Consolidation1464 Words   |  6 PagesSince Nader, Schafe LaDoux (2000), challenged the previously heralded definition of memory consolidation, an influx of research addressing various theories of; consolidation, reconsolidation and potential clinical implications have surfaced. This ess ay aims to conglomerate the current understanding of memory reconsolidation, furthermore addressing the resonance upon clinical psychology. Neuroscience widely recognised that memories undertake the process of consolidation (Nader Einarsson, 2010)Read MoreThe retrieval of a memory can initiate processes in our brain that actively consolidate and1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe retrieval of a memory can initiate processes in our brain that actively consolidate and strengthen the memory trace, a process known as memory reconsolidation. Memories retrieved are thought to increase their stability once they undergo the process of consolidation. Retrieval of a memory trace may cause another liable phase to require more processing to keep the memory stable after retrieval; the brain systemically acquires cellular mechanisms to initiate a new round of protein synthesis thatRead MoreThe Accuracy Of An Individual s Memory1506 Words   |  7 PagesUsing this example, we can relate it to eyewitness questioning as highly sensitive and the wrong choice of words could become demand cues. Eyewitnesses will give what the questioner wants instead of the actual account. Secondly, the process of reconsolidation also gives rise to minformation effect. â€Å"It is the activation of memory traces which are already consolidated and formed as long lasting memories†, (Braddeley, Eyseneck and Anderson, 2009, p.168). Reactivation of these memories traces makes itRead MoreNature Conservation And Its Impacts On Local Communities1642 Words   |  7 Pageshad it limits and it has had its advantages but all those depends on who is the subject we look at. Neoliberalism can be defined in a lot of different ways by scholars but the general definition of neoliberalism is the political term used for the theory whereby the economy is open to investors, and the free market is given priority. Neoliberalism has its key players as the state, the market and the civil society. These three key actors in neoliberalism can define the term in different ways as theRead MoreEssay about How Essential Is Memory to Us?934 Words   |  4 Pages past. Regarding to me I never wondered how our memory will become less about what we remembered and more about ourselves. Nevertheless, Proust made me look at memory more elaborately; he changed my view on humans on the subject of memory. Proust’s theory of memory, said that memory isn’t completely the truth of the past, because it’s full with mistakes. Unsophisticatedly, I thought how can this be true? But, after taking into consideration of the mind changing quote of Proust, changed my opinion aboutRead MoreHow Does The Hippocampus Plays A Vital Role? Memory Retrieval?1306 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess in which retrieval occurs is an ongoing debate. The two theories that are dominant in this debate are the Standard Model of Systems Consolidation (SMSC) and the Multiple Trace Theory (MTT). This paper will provide a review on the evidence supporting these two composing theories, the research providing evidence against the models, and finally their limitations. Additionally, a novel theory coined the Competitive Trace Theory (CTT) will be reviewed in order to conclude whether or not this modelRead MoreThe Tragedy Of King Lear Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesnatural social order, which is then repre sented by the natural world. The natural world and nature of society become intertwined as the plot unfolds, and, is wholly represented within the storm scenes in Act III. The society in King Lear is based on the theory of The Great Chain of Being; the idea that society runs under the following order of God, the King, Noblemen, Commoners, and lastly Animals. In The Tragedy of King Lear, the natural world is an extension of man himself as it is depicted as a reflection

Designing Life Right Or Wrong - 971 Words

Dimitar Gougov Groza RWS 100 18 November 2015 Designing Life: Right or wrong? Since the beginning of time, the genome of every living organism has been in a constant state of change, in fact, if it were not for this change of genome, every â€Å"human† being may still be a single celled organism. This state of change however, occurs due to natural occurrences which called for adaptation which is the reason why so many different species have come to be. Human’s have become so advanced with technology that it is now possible to chose the gender of one’s child. However, choosing all of the â€Å"desirable† traits for one’s offspring has remained in movies, for now. It all burns down to the question: â€Å"How far should we go in using genetics to enhance human life?† Messing with the natural change of the human genome for the benefit of â€Å"genetic perfection† can be much more detrimental than beneficial. The advances in technology make it possible to be able to manipulate human genetics to produce genetically perfect humans however, these advancements do not make it a good idea. In the essay, â€Å"Designer Babies and other Fairy Tales†, (published in British magazine the New Statesman2002), author Maureen Freely argues that the many aspects and complexities of reproductive issues and the use of reproductive technology should be debated and decided publicly in a democratic way. Her argument is based on a British case regarding Raj and Hashmis, parents of a three-year-old boy, who were recommendedShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical And Ethical Views Behind Computer Scientists1622 Words   |  7 Pagesapply their knowledge in the field of developing and designing systems that people could use in their daily life, typically involved in more theoretical explorations of computing. They can also be known as information scientists who can additionally work for private software publishers, e ngineering firms and academic institutions. In this field of work, computer scientists must encounter their ethics and morality behind what they are designing since it must be suitable for people to use. The natureRead MoreAnalysis Of The Setting Montana 1438 Words   |  6 PagesDESIGNING LIVES is a story driven by the themes of never giving up and learning to move on. The setting in Montana is very pleasing and it’s refreshing to see a story that features two leading female protagonists. Told against the backdrop of â€Å"designing† is appealing. The subtext of the story is about â€Å"designing† or redesigning one’s life. While the themes are well appreciated, the script would benefit from more development. One area of concern is the true identity of the leading protagonistRead MoreDesigner Babies: Unethical and Unnecessary Essay1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe reason being because when it comes to designing babies there is good as well as bad. For example some may say being able to genetically modify a baby so it has no chances of coming out deformed or even with mental or psychical diseases and disabilities is a miracle. Others may say that in the law of ethics this can not be acceptable. The fact the youre choosing your childs fate is ‘wrong’ stating that whether a child ends up with a disease is life, we should not be able to control it. WhichRead MoreStructural Failure And Its Effect On The Building978 Words   |  4 PagesArchitects need to aim to have structurally sound buildings in order to prevent loss of money, supplies, and most importantly, loss of life. Structural failure occurs when a structure or structural member is unable to perform its intended purpose. Thi s usually happens because of outside forces that the structure was not equipped to handle. Different causes for failure may be miscalculations of loads, incorrect materials, unskilled workers doing the construction work, or improper site analysis. TooRead MorePro Choice Is No Choice880 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is not only morally wrong, but it is also taking away the freedoms and rights of other people, as well as hurting women both physically and psychologically. The Constitution and its amendments protect the rights and freedoms of all people. The freedom of speech, religion, and press, the right to petition the government, the right to trial by jury, and most importantly the right to life. This right is stated in the 14th Amendment. No state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property (CornellRead MoreCodes Of Ethics And Its Impact On Society771 Words   |  4 PagesValues are the principles, which a person defines to what is right, good and just. These values provide guidance in determining the right versus the wrong, the good versus the bad. These values are considered to be the fundamental beliefs and standards, based on which a person compares and evaluates his actions. So, basically values define a person’s behavior. These values can also be called as personal values. The paper will mostly be speaking about Engineers and their values. Engineers are consideredRead MoreEmbryonic Stem Cell Research - in Vitro Fertilization1051 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversy, is what is a human embryo, and what is human life? Other questions include the morality of embryonic stem cell research and is bearing children a right given to us by society? Further discussion of these question will entail why in vitro fertilization has a wide range of ethical and moral consequences. Pro choice supporters conclude that an embryo is not a human life, but has potential to become one (Robinson). Therefore an embryo has no rights and is subject to whatever could benefit the humanRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesDesigner Babies Since the time DNA was discovered, genetic modification has been advancing in our world. Around the late 20th century designing babies became a new topic. Genetic engineering is a powerful and potentially very dangerous tool. To alter the sequence of nucleotides of the DNA that code for the structure of complex living organisms, can have extremely ill effects although the potential benefits can be huge. Today’s advances in gene therapy make it possible to remove bad genes andRead MoreEssay Designing Babies1017 Words   |  5 PagesDesigning Babies Should we be designing babies? Designer babies are people who are genetically modified before birth, (as an embryo) to change their sex, looks or possibly even personality! Since the DNA code was cracked a couple of years ago, it has been made possible to change a human embryo by injecting genes into it. These injected genes can change the sex, looks and personality of that particular child when he / she is born. For example, you can currently Read MoreAnalysis and Recommendation for the Mod Iv Product Development Team1325 Words   |  6 Pagesaround the division’s product development team and their commitment to meet the schedule. This led to multiple lower-level issues, such as communication disparity among various groups, mistiming in changing the team format, technical difficulties in designing and manufacturing the Mod IV. All these problems, along with external pressure from competitors, rippled out and created challenges for the division’s goal to stay on schedule and continue to profit in the industry in a long run. Analysis Traditionally

Report on Report On Economic Analysis For Business

Question: For each choice in parentheses, highlight the correct answer. 1. A rise in RGDP tends to (increase or decrease) imports which then (increases or decreases)NE and, this in turn, (appreciates, depreciates) the domestic currency. 2. A rise in PI leads to a (increase or decrease) in exports which (increases or decreases) NE. This then leads to (appreciation or depreciation) of the domestic currency. 3. If R rises, capital flows (into or out of) the nation which causes an (appreciation or depreciation) of the domestic currency. 4. Capital markets have high mobility if foreign capital tends to flow rapidly into the nation when real risk-free interest rates rise slightly above the rates available in other nations. With high capital mobility, R tends to be (more or less) influential on exchange rates than PI and RGDP. For problems 5 through 15, assume the central bank engages in aggressive open market purchases in an effort to stimulate the domestic economy. The nation has flexible exchange rates and the central bank does not intervene in the foreign exchange markets. 5. Show the shift in the supply or demand for RLF by inserting a new curve. Insert arrows to show the change in R and RLF 6. The open market purchases (increase or decrease) the supply of RLF which causes R to (rise or fall). 7. Lower real interest rate encourages households to borrow to finance purchases, so the C (rises or falls). Similarly, lower R encourages firms to purchase new capital equipment and I (rises or falls). 8. Show the shift in AS or AD in the real goods market as a result of the change in R in the real loanable funds market. Insert arrows to show the change in PI and RGDP. 9. PI (rises or falls) and RGDP (increases or decreases). 10.The change in RGDP causes imports to (increase or decrease), NE to (increase or decrease), and domestic currency to (appreciate or depreciate). 11. The change in PI causes exports to (rise or fall) which leads NE to (increase or decrease). 12. The change in R causes foreign money to flow (into or out of) the nation. This causes the domestic currency to (appreciate or depreciate). 13. The combined effect of changes in R, PI and RGDP causes the domestic currency to (appreciate or depreciate). 14. The depreciation of the domestic currency will tend to (increase or decrease) exports and NE but the changes in PI and RGDP will (increase or decrease) NE. The net result will be an (increase or decrease) in NE. 15. NE will tend to (support or oppose) the goal of stimulating the nations economy. For problems 16 through 26, the national government increases spending and lowers taxes in an effort to stimulate the nations economy.The budget deficit is increased, so the treasury borrows funds to finance the higher deficit. The country has flexible exchange rates and central bank does not intervene in the foreign exchange market. 16. Show the shift in the supply or demand for RLF by inserting a new curve. Insert arrows to show the change in R and RLF 17. The government borrowing causes R to (rise or fall) and RLF to (rise or fall). 18. Show the shift in AS or AD in the real goods market as a result of the changes in G and T. Insert arrows to show the change in PI and RGDP. 19. PI (rises or falls) and RGDP (increases or decreases). 20. The change in RGDP causes imports to (increase or decrease) and NE to (increase or decrease). 21. The change in PI causes exports to (rise or fall) which leads NE to (increase or decrease). 22. The combined effect of PI and RGDP on NE causes the domestic currency to (appreciate or depreciate). 23. The change in R causes foreign money to (into or out of) the nation. This causes the domestic currency to (appreciate or depreciate). 24. The effects of R oppose those of PI and RGDP. If capital mobility is (high or low), the domestic currency will (appreciate or depreciate). 25. If the capital mobility is high and the domestic currency appreciates, NE will fall. This effect will (support or counter) the goal of stimulating the nations economy. 26. In an economy with free trade and free flow of foreign capital, expansionary fiscal policy will tend to be (more or less) effective than for a country whose closed economy has few foreign influences. For problems 27 through 31, assume the central bank engages in aggressive open market purchases in an effort to stimulate the domestic economy. The nation has a pegged its exchange rate to the US dollar which the central bank maintains by aggressive intervention in the foreign exchange markets. The domestic currency is the peso. The foreign exchange rate is initially in equilibrium at the pegged rate. 27. Show the shift in the supply or demand for pesos in the foreign exchange market as a result of the expansionary monetary policy. Insert arrows to show the change in exchange rate and pesos traded per period of time. 28. As a result of the central banks expansionary monetary policy (open market purchases), the peso will (appreciate or depreciate). 29. In order to maintain the fixed exchange rate, the central bank must purchase (dollars or pesos). 30. The central banks actions to maintain the fixed exchange rate will (enforce or reverse) its initial expansionary monetary policy. 31. Monetary policy with fixed exchange rates is highly (effective or ineffective). For problems 32 through 42, the national government increases spending and lowers taxes in an effort to raise RGDP and lower the unemployment rate. However, the budget deficit is increased, so the treasury borrows funds to finance the higher deficit. The country has fixed exchange rates with the US dollar which the central bank maintains through aggressive intervention in the foreign exchange market. 32. Show the shift in the supply or demand for RLF by inserting a new curve. Insert arrows to show the change in R and RLF 33. The government borrowing causes R and RLF to (rise or fall). 34. Show the shift in AS or AD in the real goods market as a result of the change in G and T. Insert arrows to show the change in PI and RGDP. 35. PI (rises or falls) and RGDP (increases or decreases). 36. The change in RGDP causes imports to (increase or decrease) and NE to (increase or decrease). 37. The change in PI causes exports to (rise or fall) which leads NE to (increase or decrease). 38. The combined effect of PI and RGDP on NE causes the domestic currency to (appreciate or depreciate). 39. The change in R causes foreign money to flow (into or out of) the nation. This causes the domestic currency to (appreciate or depreciate). 40. The effect of R opposes those of PI and RGDP. If capital mobility is low, the domestic currency will (appreciate or depreciate). 41. If the domestic currency depreciates, the central bank must purchase (dollars or pesos) to maintain the fixed exchange rate. This effect will (support or counter) the goal of stimulating the nations economy. 42. If capital mobility is high, the domestic currency will (appreciate or depreciate). The central bank must purchase (dollars or pesos) to maintain the fixed exchange rate. This effect will (support or counter) the goal of stimulating the nations economy. 43. The Impossible Trinity holds that a nation can achieve any 2 of 3 goals. List the 3 goals: Answer: Answer 1. An increase in the real GDP (Gross Domestic Product) intends to enhance the level of imports that then reduces NE (Net Export). This in turn motivates domestic currency. On rise of real GDP, national population has incremented income that they use to buy more of foreign products and services. This enhances the level of imports. Substantial increment in the level of imports leads to reduction in the net exports. With the rise in the need for foreign exchange, the rate of foreign exchange results in the emergence of excessive demand situation. The currency appreciation at the domestic level is indicated by a fall within the exchange rate from e* to e1. In the given graph, fe indicates foreign exchange. Answer 2: An increase in price level (PI) results in the decrease of exports that in turn enhances the net export. This again appreciates domestic currency. With the rise in the price level of economy, demands of domestic products within the foreign market decreases. Now, export is termed as the sale of such domestic products into the foreign market. People in the foreign market consider the domestic products to be comparatively expensive and this reduces the level of export. The subsequent downfall of export results in the promotion of domestic currency(Mehr Export, weniger Import, 2014). The rate of exchange slides down from e* to e1. It results in the situation generating excessive demand within the economy. The enhanced price level at the current situation even leads rise in the level of imports since domestic population considers domestic products to be quite expensive as well as the process of foreign products to be comparatively lower than that of domestic products. So, they tend to purchase goods from the foreign marketers, thereby enhancing the level of imports. Increment in import level leads to increment within the demands for foreign exchange as well as reduction in the level of export leads to decrease in foreign exchange supply. Both the impacts cause a situation of excessive demand within the economy (Sabal, 2008). Answer 3: When R is on a rise, capital is said to flow within the nation that results in the appreciation of domestic currency. R is the domestic interest rate and when this R rises, investors in the foreign lands invest within the domestic bonds that result in the capital flow inside the country. Capital inflow causes enhanced supply of foreign exchange that leads to the decrease in the exchange rate. This decrement within the exchange rate is named as appreciation of domestic currency (Sharma, 2009). Answer 4: Capital markets possess greater mobility provided foreign capital intends to flow quickly in the country when interest rates that are risk free increase slightly above the available rates within other countries. With greater capital mobility, the value of R becomes less influential upon the exchange rates as compare to PI or RGDP (Valentine, 2012). Answer 5: The loan-able funds have demand that is inversely related to the interest rate, and hence the demand curve of such loan-able fund is negatively sloped. Supply of such loan-able funds is related positively with that of the interest rate that results in an upward sloping supply curve(Thompson, 2010). It is said to have achieved equilibrium at the point where the demand curve as well as the supply curve meet with each other. From this very equilibrium point, the equilibrium level of amount of loan-able funds as well as interest rate is derived. The Central bank on engaging within the open market purchases, the supply of money increases within the economy. The increment of the money supply results in the downfall of domestic rate of interest. There is an increase in the supply of the real loan-able funds. The enhancement in the supply of real loan-able funds has been depicted by the shift of supply curve rightwards to SS1 that results in the fall of interest rate. The increase in the open market purchases causes the supply of RLF to increase that leads in the fall of R. This would decrease the exchange rate. Since the domestic interest rate is lower, the respective domestic economic agents would reduce their holdings of domestic bonds as well as they would also increase the foreign bonds holding as return earning from foreign bonds in quite high as compared to that earned from all domestic bonds. All investors would tend to sell off their respective domestic bonds as well as buy foreign bonds. Answer 6: the purchases of open market would increase supply of RLF that leads to the fall of R. the government buying of the open market leads to the supply of finance within the economy to enhance. This enhances the supplying of real loan-able funds. It reduces the interest rate. Answer 7: Low rate of real interest promotes households to borrow for financial purchases so that C rises. Likewise, low R promotes companies to buy new capital equipment and thus I rise. With low rate of interest the households easily borrow so as to finance all consumption. However, the investment as well as interest rate is related negatively. Low rate of interest leads in the rise of investment level. Answer 8: On decrease of R within the real loan-able funds market, investment level rises as rate of interest as well as investment are related negatively. The corresponding rise in the investment level leads to overall increase in the aggregate demand. Increase in the aggregate demand curve is reflected by the shifting of the AD curve towards right. This rightward shift of the AD curve leads in the rise of price as well as output level. As rate of interest lowers, investment level increases indeed. This causes an increment within the level of aggregate demand. Rise in the level of aggregate demand has been reflected by the right shift of the AD curve from AD1. The shift leads in the enhancement of the extent of real GDP from the position of Y* to Y1. There is also a simultaneous rise in the price level from P* to P1. Answer 9: PI increases and the real GDP rises. With the shifting of the AD curve towards the right side on account of rise in investment, there is a rise in the price level. Also, real GDP rises. Answer 10: A slight change in real GDP results in the increase of imports, simultaneous decrease in the net export, and depreciation in the domestic currency. It is observed that the real GDP actually rises. An increment in the real GDP shows that domestic individuals possess increased income to buy foreign goods. This enhances the level of import. Net export is deemed to be the variance amidst exports as well as imports. With the rise of imports there is decrease in net exports. The overall demands for foreign exchange rely upon the import level. With the increase in the imports, the net demand for foreign exchange rises. The respective rise in demand for foreign exchange results in an increase in rate of foreign exchange. The increment of rate of foreign exchange is termed as depreciation. Answer 11: Any sort of change in the position of PI results in the fall of exports that result in the corresponding decrease in the net export. As referred to in the above situation, it is observed that an increment exists in the price level that refers to the concept of domestic products becoming more and more expensive for the foreigners. This lowers the extent of exports. Since net exports is the distinction amidst exports as well as imports, any fall in exports results in fall of net exports. Answer 12: A change is R leads to the flowing out of foreign money from the nation. This leads to the depreciation of domestic currency. Since the domestic interest rate is low, national or international investors prefer increasing their level of investment upon foreign bonds that provides increased return as compared to that of the domestic return. This leads to the flowing out of the capital from the nation. A situation also arises of excess demand for foreign exchange that drives the rate of exchange as well as domestic currency starts depreciating. Answer 13: The cohesive effect of alterations in R, RGDP and PI results in the depreciation of domestic currency. Answer 14: Any depreciation in the domestic currency would intend to enhance exports as well as net export. However, alterations in RGDP as well as PI would increase the net export. The net result would be a rise in the net export. On increase in the rate of exchange, all domestic manufacturers consider it to be profitable to sell products across borders. By this approach, exporting of domestic goods to foreign lands would increase. This leads to an increment in net export (NE). Answer 15: Net export will tend to help the goal of enhancing the nations economy. Answer 16: The overall demand for funds that are loan-able is inversely proportional to the interest rate, and hence the corresponding demand curve of such loan-able funds is sloping negatively. The supply of such funds is related positively to the interest rate that leads to an upward rising sloping supply curve. It is said to have obtained equilibrium at the point where demand curve as well as supply curve meet and cross each other. From this point of equilibrium, one can derive the equilibrium level of amount of loan-able funds as well as interest rate. Once the expenditure of government rises, the interest rate within the market increase as well as the corresponding supply of loan-able funds declines. It is reflected by the shifting of supply curve to the left side if real loan-able funds. On decrease of supply of real loan-able funds as well as shifting of supply curve leftward, the marker interest rate increases as well as supply of such funds declines. This is reflected by the direction of arrows. Answer 17: Any government borrowing results in rising of R and declining of RLF. Answer 18: On rising of government expense G r falling of taxes T, an increment takes place in AD as well as shifting of the curve rightward. It results in both price level as well as real GDP to rise. When the variable G rises or T declines, there is a shift if the AD curve towards the right side of AD2, and so price level P* increases to P2 with corresponding rise of real GDP Y* to Y2. However, this enhances the deficit if the budget within the economy that the treasury usually finances with borrowed funds. The borrowed funds results in the increase of such loan-able funds that in turn results in the rise of interest rate. The increased rate of interest results in the flowing of foreign capital into the economy that leads to the depreciation of domestic currency. This drives down the AD2 to AD3 and that AS curves shifts up from AS to AS1. The real GDP shifts from Y* to Y2 and then falls down to Y3. The overall effect of the expansionary fiscal policy enhances the real GDP. Answer 19: PI rises as well as RGDP enhances. Answer 20: A change within RGDP results in the increase of imports and decrease of net exports. It has been observed that the real GDP has incremented. The rise in real GDP implied that domestic people possess increased income to make more foreign purchases. It leads enhancement in imports. Net export is the difference amidst exports as well as imports. The level of net export decreases with increase in imports. Foreign exchange demands rely upon the import level. As imports incremented, foreign exchange demands also increased(Eraker, 2001). This led to a rise in the rate of foreign exchange. The rise of foreign exchange rate is called depreciation. Answer 21: Any change in PI results in falling of export level that increases the net export. From the mentioned situation above, it is identified that price level has enhanced that refers to the more expensiveness of the domestic goods fir foreigners. This declines export level. Since, net export refers to the difference amidst exports as well as imports, decline in exports leads to decline in net export. Answer 22: The combined impact of PI as well as RGDP upon net export leads to the domestic currency to appreciate. Answer 23: The alteration of R leads foreign money to flow within the nation. This causes the domestic currency to appreciate. Answer 24: The impacts of R contradict those of PI as well as RGDP. If capital mobility is high, the domestic currency will depreciate (Dutertre-Le Poncin and Caix, 2008). Answer 25: If the capital mobility is higher as well as the domestic currency appreciates, net export will decline. This will counter the goal of enhancing the national economy. Answer 26: In an economy having free trade as well as free flow of foreign capital, expansionary fiscal policy would be less effective than that of a nation whose closed economy has few foreign influences (FLIFEL, 2013). Answer 27: When the Central bank starts expansionary financial policy based on pegged exchange rate policy, the effects upon the foreign exchange market is in effective. However, this policy results import of domestic nation to increase as population possess increased money to buy gods from foreign lands(Hannah, 2008). The import of domestic nation is the export of foreign nation that means that increment in domestic import shows the rise of export of foreign nation. It shows the enhancement of domestic currency supply within the market of foreign exchange. The rate of exchange needs to be lowered at the original position, thereby making the monetary policy to be ineffective since exchange rate has to be pegged. The rise in supply of Peso in fact has been incremented but as the exchange rate is pegged, it should return to the original position by reducing the supply of Peso. So, it is seen that the financial policy is quite ineffective under the system of fixed rate of exchange. Answer 28: Due to the expansionary financial policy of the central bank, the peso would depreciate. Answer 29: For maintaining the fixed exchange rate, the bank should buy dollars. Answer 30: The actions of the central bank to manage the fixed exchange rate would reverse original expansionary financial policy (Dukes, 2006). Answer 31: Monetary policy having fixed exchange rates is quite ineffective. Answer 32: When fund is borrowed by the treasure for financing all deficits led by the expansionary monetary policy, there exists an increment in demand of real loan-able funds within the market that leads to the increase in the real rate of interest. For financing all governmental deficits, it is a norm for the treasure to borrow funds that would increase the overall demands of real loan-able funds that is reflected by the shifting of the demand curve rightward of the loan-able funds(Chisgiu, 2012). The right shift leads the real rate of interest to increase as well as the amount of real loan-able funds also rises. The shift of demand curve rightward has been shown by the arrow directed towards DD1. Answer 33: The government borrows results in R as well as RLF to rise. Answer 34: When G (government spending) rises or the T (taxes) falls, then there is a rise in the AD and the curve shifts to the right. This causes the both the price level and the real GDP to rise. When G increases or T declines, the AD curve moves right to AD2 as a result the price level P* becomes P2 and the level of real GDP Y* becomes Y2. As the expansionary monetary policy leads the government deficit to rise, the treasury borrows funds that increase the domestic rate of interest. The increase in the domestic interest rate attracts adequate foreign capital creating an upward pressure upon the exchange rate (Magdalinos and Kandilorou, 2001). But since exchange rate is fixed, the money supply should be increased that causes an extra increase in the AD from AD2 to AD3. This leads to the overall enhancement in the real GDP initially from Y* to Y2 and then from Y2 to Y3. Answer 35: PI rises as well as RGDP increases. On analyzing the situation, it is inferred that an expansionary monetary policy rises the real GDP as well as price as the AD curve shifts right but on account of fixed exchange rate, the money supply was enhanced that leads to further shift in the AD curve. This further increases the level of real GDP. As the AD curve shifts right, the price level gets increases(Venezuela plans to import and export gas, 2006). Answer 36: The change in RGDP results imports to increase as well as net export to decrease. It is observed that the real GDP has increased. The rise in the real GDP shows the domestic individuals possess increased income for making foreign purchases. This leads imports torise. Now net export is the difference between the exports as well as imports. So increase in imports decreases the level of net exports. The demand for foreign exchange relies upon the import level. As imports increased, demand for foreign exchange has increased (Weale, 2002). The increase in demand for foreign exchange results in increase in the rate foreign exchange. Answer 37: The change in PI makes exports to fall that leads net expert to decrease. Answer 38: The joint effect of PI as well as RGDP upon NE leads the domestic currency to appreciate. Answer 39: The alteration in R makes foreign money to flow within nation. It causes the domestic currency to appreciate. Answer 40: The effect of R contradicts those of PI as well as RGDP. If capital mobility is low, the domestic currency would appreciate. Answer 41: If domestic currency declines, the central bank should purchase pesos for maintaining the fixed exchange rate. This effect will counter the goal of stimulating the nations economy (Wende, 2009). Answer 42: If capital mobility is high, the domestic currency will appreciate. The central bank must purchase dollars to maintain the fixed exchange rate. This effect will support the goal of stimulating the nations economy. Answer 43: The impossible trinity is a trilemma existing in international economics. It denotes three things that impossible to occur simultaneously. A fixed exchange rate Free movement of capital (capital controls are absent) and An independent monetary policy. The theory may be considered to be both based on hypothesis and also on the findings from studies where governments failed constantly for pursuing all the goals simultaneously. References Chisgiu, L. (2012). Orientation, Structure, Dynamics in International Goods Trade of Romania. Export Net Contribution to the Real Growth of GDP.Procedia Economics and Finance, 3, pp.1069-1074. Dukes, W. (2006). Business Valuation Basics for Attorneys.Journal of Business Valuation and Economic Loss Analysis, 1(1). Dutertre-Le Poncin, H. and Caix, A. (2008). Import, export? .Spirale, 46(2), p.51. Eraker, B. (2001). MCMC Analysis of Diffusion Models With Application to Finance.Journal of Business Economic Statistics, 19(2), pp.177-191. FLIFEL, K. (2013). Technical Analysis on Markets with Memory.Business and Economic Research, 3(1). Hannah, R. (2008). Post-Employment Covenants and Economic Losses.Journal of Business Valuation and Economic Loss Analysis, 3(1). Magdalinos, M. and Kandilorou, H. (2001). Specification Analysis in Equations With Stochastic Regressors.Journal of Business Economic Statistics, 19(2), pp.226-232. Mehr Export, weniger Import. (2014).Nachrichten aus der Chemie, 62(6), pp.642-642. Sabal, J. (2008). WACC or APV?.Journal of Business Valuation and Economic Loss Analysis, 2(2). Sharma, S. (2009). A Political-Economy of the U.S. Subprime Meltdown.Economic Analysis and Policy, 39(2), pp.171-190. Thompson, M. (2010). BRCA1 16 years later: nuclear import and export processes.FEBS Journal, 277(15), pp.3072-3078. Valentine, T. (2012). International Influences on the Australian Economy in the Interwar Years.Economic Analysis and Policy, 42(3), pp.351-361. Venezuela plans to import and export gas. (2006).Oil and Energy Trends, 31(3), pp.7-8. Weale, M. (2002). Business Cycle Analysis.National Institute Economic Review, 182(1), pp.57-57. Wende, S. (2009). Business Cycle Dynamics.Economic Analysis and Policy, 39(2), pp.205-234.

Kidneys, Who Needs Them Essays - Medicine, Anatomy, Kidney Diseases

Kidneys, Who Needs Them? Kidneys, Who Needs Them? Kidneys perform many functions essential to the bodies functioning. The strain that is put on kidneys opens them up to many problems that can occur. Childhood sicknesses can result in failure of the kidneys to perform dialysis in later years of a persons life. Also, excessive minerals in the blood stream can cause kidney stones, which are very painful. Kidneys perform the basic functions of removing water and waste from the bloodstream, this process is called dialysis. After removing the water and waste from the bloodstream, it excretes them through the urine. The kidneys jobs never ends, whenever you take a drink of water or take a bite of food it will pass through the kidneys and the kidneys will filter out the unneeded particles in the bloodstream (Bodys own filter material replaces kidneys, 171). Childhood sicknesses can scar the kidneys. These scars can slowly deteriorate the kidneys until they cannot function correctly. There is no way anyone can repair the scarring of the kidneys, and it is just a matter of time before they cease to function. Lee Foster, an editor for Readers Digest, had a childhood sickness and his kidneys eventually scarred over. He now has no use of his kidneys. He has dialysis three times a week for five hours. Before he went on dialysis he was very anemic and could not take twenty steps without resting (Lee, 99). Kimerer Page 2 Excessive minerals in the bloodstream can also cause problems. One of these problems that it can cause the formation of a stone inside of ones kidney. This happens when excessive amounts of a mineral, like calcium, all concentrate inside the kidney and form a stone. Kidney stones can be removed by surgery or they can be removed by lithotripsy. Lithotripsy is a treatment in which the patient is submerged in water and shockwaves are sent through the body that breaks the stone apart into smaller pieces. This process lasts up to three hours, and the stone is then passed through the urine (Langone, 71). In some instances the stone can get caught in the urinary tract and cause pain to the patient, who may have to go in for surgery to then remove the stone (Langone, 72). Overall, life with kidney problems is possible, but not something easy to do. A person has to spend fifteen hours a week on a dialysis machine, or a treatment, which is not painful itself, but passing the stone through your urine is the painful part. It is better for a person to take extra steps to ensure that they are doing everything they can to prevent kidney problems. Health Care

Chapter 2 Test Review Essay Example

Chapter 2 Test Review Paper True Periodicals and the novel became more popular as the more powerful middle class began to read. T/F True Milton was imprisoned because of his previous position in the Commonwealth. T/F f The Puritans felt that the Anglican Church had sufficiently reformed. t/f f James I was restored to the throne in 1660. t/f f When public land was enclosed for private estates, most of the rural poor were allowed to stay. t/f f Oliver Goldsmith wrote a biography of Samuel Johnson. t/f` True In The Deserted Village, Goldsmith praises the sentimental village preacher. f Oliver Goldsmith believed that one can never be too rich. f Samuel Johnson wrote periodical essays in only one newspaper. sentimental tone in The Deserted Village Tory Swift, Johnson, and Goldsmiths political party satire ridiculing something in order to correct behavior sonnet a poem with fourteen lines, either Italian or English allegory a story in which things represent parts of a doctrine or theme heroic couplet consists of two rhyming lines of verse with five iambic feet irony giving the appearance of saying one thing while meaning something else alliteration repetition of initial consonants a strong middle class What one result did the Commonwealth and the Industrial Revolution produce? the Tory government,the devaluation of Irish coins, the starvation in Ireland Swift wrote for these causes.. the common man, to teach and please him Samuel Johnson believed that literature should appeal mainly to A Dictionary of the English Language, he Lives of the English Poets, Rasselas Samuel Johnson did publish Oliver Goldsmith was a financially poor periodical essayist, novelist, and dramatist Goldsmith wrote a novel entitled The Vicar of Wakefield, about a parsons family.

How to Get a Career Doing Data Entry

How to Get a Career Doing Data Entry Let’s face it: everything is data now. We’re barely even people anymore- we’re walking databases of names, passwords, credit scores, preferences, and Candy Crush scores. Because digital information has become the bedrock of every industry and just about every company, data entry and maintenance jobs have become stronger than ever. Data entry may not be the flashiest career around (more often than not, it’s just you and your computer hunkering down and getting it done), but it’s a dependable one if you have the skills. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, if you’re looking for opportunities in the data entry arena, these jobs might be your best bet. Let’s review the jobs, and the skills you’ll need to score them.Data Entry Keyers/Information ProcessorsThe job: Your job is to take information from one place, and transfer it to another, likely a computerized system or database. Other tasks may include verifying data, a nd preparing materials based on data. This is often an entry-level position that can lead to other administrative jobs. This job may also offer work-from-home flexibility, depending on the company and the position.The skills: These are qualities that will help get you in the door for a data entry position, and help you look for newer and better opportunities in the field.Organizational skillsTime management skillsDiscretion (especially if you’re working with customer or medical data)Typing skillsCustomer service skills/interpersonal skillsGeneral office/administrative skillsSoftware skills, especially databases and common office programsThe requirements: Because this is a job where employees can typically be trained on the job with little or no background, there’s usually no specific education or certification required. Having strong administrative skills is key, and some employers may require a high school diploma at a minimum.Where the jobs are: As a service position , data entry jobs are, quite literally, everywhere. Every industry employs data entry clerks, all over the country. Some of the most common industries employing data entry keyers are employment agencies, data processing centers, accounting services, medical facilities, and schools/education-related fields. Basically, wherever there’s information to be processed, there’s a data entry keyer getting the job done.The pay: The median hourly pay for data entry keyers is $14.16, and the median annual salary is $29,460.Information ClerksThe job: Information clerks are responsible for performing routine clerical duties that include maintaining records, collecting data, and providing information.The skills: General administrative skills come in very handy for this position, as well as a number of specific skills:Organizational skillsTime management skillsDiscretion (especially if you’re working with customer or medical data)Typing skillsCustomer service skills/interperson al skillsSoftware skills, especially databases and common office programsThe requirements: Information clerks typically have a high school diploma or higher. Employees are usually trained on the job, so prior experience may not be necessary. General office or administrative experience is helpful.Where the jobs are: As with other types of data entry and maintenance jobs, you’ll find information clerks across most industries. There are high numbers of information clerks working in the government, hospitality industry, and healthcare industries, though.The pay: The median hourly pay for data entry keyers is $15.41, and the median annual salary is $32,050. The field is only projected to grow by about 2% by 2024, but what it lacks in explosive growth, it makes up for in stability. The need for information clerk jobs should remain steady for the foreseeable future.The FieldOne of the best things about the data entry field is its versatility. Once you have the set of skills and some experience under your belt, you can choose an industry to specialize in, or use the opportunity to build industry-specific skills that you can take to your next job. If you’re looking for a job that pays the bills while you get experience or decide what your next career move is, it can be a productive stop along your path.

UK Government in Encouraging Sustainability in Businesses Essay

UK Government in Encouraging Sustainability in Businesses - Essay Example This essay stresses that  the concept of sustainability first became prominent with the publication of the Bruntland Report in 1987. The report defines sustainability as â€Å"meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†.From this paper it is clear that  the concept of sustainability has evolved overtime since it was first defined. In earlier days, it was mainly an operational concern that focused on defensive strategies to cut waste and reduce organizational footprint. It then evolved and took a more strategic stance with focus shifting to value chains and innovation from waste and cost reduction. Right now, the concept pervades all organizational decision making.  This trend clearly shows a move towards rendering the term sustainability in business redundant as it will simply be how business is done. However in the present, businesses are consciously incorporating sustainability into their business decisions.   Most businesses express their sustainability goals through corporate social responsibility (CSR) commitments. CSR within an organisation is often composed of practises, policies and programs that are integrated throughout the business’s operations from decision making, processes to supply chain, which aim at ensuring current sustainable business operations taking into consideration future impacts.  Governments around the globe have increasingly grown aware of the significance of encouraging sustainability in businesses.... hows that many organizations are actively integrating and incorporating sustainability principles into their business operations, and the reasons behind this go far beyond reputation management. A sustainable business hence genuinely delivers environmental, economic and social benefits simultaneously in its operations while minimising the damage to society and the environment (Nidumolu, Prahalad, and Rangaswami, 2009:1). Most businesses express their sustainability goals through corporate social responsibility (CSR) commitments. CSR within an organisation is often composed of practises, policies and programs that are integrated throughout the business’s operations from decision making, processes to supply chain, which aim at ensuring current sustainable business operations taking into consideration future impacts (Petrini and Pozzebon, 2010: 364; Baumgartner and Ebner, 2010:77). Companies are increasingly inclined to incorporate society’s expectations of ethical busines s practices into their business strategies as a way of not only responding to pressures from stakeholders such as employees and consumers among others, but also exploring opportunities that create competitive advantage for the company. Assessment of the role of UK government in encouraging sustainability in businesses as compared to other stakeholders Governments around the globe have increasingly grown aware of the significance of encouraging sustainability in businesses. In the UK, the government has played a critical role in encouraging sustainability in businesses. The government’s role in sustainability adoption often takes a regulatory approach. This is unlike other stakeholders of an organisation which have different key roles to play in encouraging sustainability, for instance, employees

MGMT499 - 1403B - 04 Individual Project 1 Research Paper

MGMT499 - 1403B - 04 Individual Project 1 - Research Paper Example Formulating the right steps needed to reach these aims is also crucial. The top management team has always excelled at this function in Starbucks. First, CEO Howard Schultz wanted the company to offer a different coffee-selling experience from its competitors. Therefore, it dwelt on making the ambience and services at Starbucks more laid-back than at other companies. It established a way of achieving those outcomes by effectively training its baristas to maintain high coffee standards (Cleary, 2007). In addition, the company also had a plan to make its presence felt in almost all corners of the US and internationally. The management team thus expanded into non urban areas where it doubled its outcomes. It even entered into grocery stores and drive-thru locations. The company worked on its business aspect by licensing some of its products as well as offering a platform called â€Å"Starbucks for business† (Paryani, 2011). This innovation allowed suppliers to contract out their businesses through these platforms. Overall, the company demonstrated t hat strategic and operational panning are essential in succeeding within the coffee industry. Organizing as a management function is that aspect which entails the development of the right structures needed to meet the objectives created in the planning phase. An effective management team ought to design jobs in a manner that provides the right amount of autonomy and enrichment (Carpenter et. al., 2009). Additionally, the way departments and levels at the organization are arranged should be in order to get the most out of the company’s resources. Starbucks has a range of baristas, store managers and administrators. Most of them have job positions that are well cut out and understood by the members. However, the organization strives to make baristas jobs more enjoyable by empowering workers with knowledge needed to

Eastern Philosopher Letter Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eastern Philosopher Letter - Personal Statement Example An individual's life today is determined by the deeds of his past lives and his present deeds in turn would affect how his next lives will turn out to be. In short if an individual commits a good action, traces of its effects would be seen in his or her next several lifetimes, and the same is true for a bad action. The moral quality of an action is determined by the intention with which it is committed, a good action results from a good intention, and a bad intention begets bad action. But Ananda, know that the most significant reason why Human suffering is caused is because of ignorance, which does not leave room for enlightenment; and selfish, egoistical cravings, which make an individual the servant of his or her lusts and desires. Ignorance ensures that an individual does not see the truth for what it is, and so ends up running after things that do not really matter in the path towards attainment of lasting peace and bliss. Due to this ignorance, the individual stays caught up in self-centered cravings which cannot always be truly fulfilled in an uncertain world, where even the best of circumstances can change into the worst in the blink of an eye. The events of this world are mostly beyond human control, and only disappointment and frustration can come of trying to control them. One cannot physically escape aging, death, illness, pain, sorrow, separation and other such avenues of human suffering in this cosmos, and the only way of doing so is to heighten one's spiritual perception of actual reality. Dear Ananda, true release from suffering or nirvana can only come through meditation and self-abnegation, because it is only through these that one can reach enlightenment, and cease to have egoistical cravings. The cycle of reincarnation is brought to a halt through the disciplinary practice of meditation and self-denial, because through these the individual comes to a stage where he or she does not have any self-centered desires. Once the ego becomes non-existent, and the individual stops thinking only about himself or herself, the path for nirvana is cleared. An individual is able to deny his or her self so totally because he or she realizes that what is usually thought of as the Self is not the real Self at all. The real Self is not one's consciousness, nor one's body. It is the spiritual essence within that is essentially free from all worldly contaminations. People forget their natural existence as spirit, and become involved in the temporal illusions of this world, immersing themselves in its transient realities, desiring temporary and materialistic satisfactions. But once an individual knows and accepts his or her original, true nature, the importance of the false self or the ego diminishes by itself. Know, my dear Ananda, that there is human suffering in this world. This suffering has specific and identifiable causes. It can be ended and the way to end suffering is through enlightened living, as expressed in the Eightfold Path I have given you. This path in its components provides guidance for the initial mental outlook of the individual, behavior appropriate for the individual in his or her quest for enlightenment, and the higher mental and spiritual qualities involved in a total dis-attachment from self. The very first of these components is the Right View, which means that to achieve freedom from suffering one has to try and look at reality as it actually is, and to

Project Management and Hemas Holdings

Project Management and Hemas Holdings 1.1 Introduction on the Project Management and Hemas Holdings FMCG.   Ã‚   Project Management can be expressed as the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements. Project Management has its long history which was practiced informally and has been officially recognised and emerged in mid of the 20th century in distinctly.   The global body for project management which is Project Management Institute USA facilitate the concept and it is comprehensively explained in the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide) further (PIM, 2017). In meeting successfulness of the project, it is vital to understand and plan the project cycle. Project cycle is the key concept which is discussed massively in the subject of Project Management and it has been acknowledged as the methodical sequence of cohesive set of tasks which are quantified, accomplished in stages, in ensuring the success of the project (Forsberg, 2005). Hemas Holding PLC, with a renowned history of 65 years, has become a key blue chip company diversified in to five main sectors. The sectors are namely FMCG, Health care, Leisure, Transport (logistic) and other. Hemas FMCG serving the Sri Lankan customer base via its wide range of products and services. The group seized a strategic moving to the next level through the acquisition J.L. Morison Son Jones (Ceylon) PLC. Also as a move in managed succession plan, Hemas invited Mr Steven Enderby to the Board offering the position of Chief Executive Officer. The flag ship products such as Baby Cheramy the Hemas brand has won the Sri Lankan mothers loyalty for nearly 60 years (Hemas Annual Report, 2016). 1.2 Project requirements. The purpose of upgrading SAP 6.0 HANA to SAP S4 HANA at HEMAS FMCG sector was to enhance the Enterprise Resource Planning (referred to as ERP going forward) culture within the organisation. The rapidly growing business which pumps the highest revenues portion which is 38% needs to be fully monitored (Hemas Annual Report, 2016). The controls needs to be well set and deviations need to be reported in a timely manner.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Figure 1 FMCG Sector Vs. Group performance 1.3 Hemas FMCG strategy and feasibility of the ERP project. Hemas founded under the vision of Enriching Lives and they do focus on it heavily. Hemas history has shaped the ways and means that is se the potential. The consistent effort in generating organic as well as inorganic growth had positively impacted on enriching the value of the Hemas stakeholders today. The ERP project implementation will help the organisation to be well aligned to its Vision 2020, concept and there five-year strategic plan (Hemas Annual Report, 2016). The advancement in terms of the SAP 6.0 will allow the HEMAS FMCG sector to cater to the customer requirements and to meet demand. This would decommission most of supporting systems bring all them under one system in an advance tech platform. 1.4 SAP 6.0 to SAP S4 Feasibility study. The project on HEMAS FMCG, SAP 6.0 HANA upgrade intends further improvements in to the EPR that they operate at the moment and this system upgrade will managed by the global SAP Functional team and the handing over will happen to the   Hemas Corporate IT. The creation of blue print copy will be done by this team and also hey will do the pilot run planning and monitoring at FMCG sector offices located in Colombo (Head Office), Dankotuwa (Factory and Walisara (Finish good warehouse).   Hence upgrading ERP in Hemas FMCG will be driven by the experienced global SAP team which will be and also will be facilitated by Attune Lanka. Attune is the local consultant for SAP implementation and upgrades. Attune has shown is positive track records in SAP related projects. The company is very experienced in SAP implementation which is attached to MAS group. Attune with its localized experience they support the implementation and upgrade tasks locally while connecting the procedures with the global consultants and the locally based end users. The SAP S4 Project needs be sponsored with US $1.5 Mn and this is forecast base on number of operators involved in the Sri Lankan operations. The approximate costing was carried out based on similar projects which were carried out for different agency offices. The Hemas group will be funded the full project which will be repaid to the group by the FMCG sector in 5 years time. This is possible as the Revenue growth % is at 20.2% for 2016 (Hemas Annual Report, 2016). 2.1 Statement of work (SOW) Hemas FMCG sector SAP 6.0 HANA Upgrade to SAP S4 will have the following critical areas as per the Statement of work. Scope of work Upgrade of SAP ERP will bring in all the functions such as Demand Planning team, Material Requisition team, Procurement, Stores, Quality Assurance, Finance, Marketing and HR. Currently HR is not integrated within the ERP but with SAP S4 HANA the Hemas FMCG will be fully integrated. Since the data is currently is the same platform the integration will not be complex and time consuming. Following will be the main functions which will enjoy the facilities of the system upgrade. Demand Planning Material planning Procurement OP (Purchase Ordering) process Production Production planning Stores/ Warehouse GRN (Goods Receive) and stock control Quality Assurance Quality check and release Raw material Finance General Ledger and Financial reporting Marketing and distribution- Releasing the Finish goods to the market Project duration/ Budget The expected time for the upgrade is 6 months starting form upgrade, pilot run and handing over. This will include the initial test run as well as most critical go live phase. The total SAP S4 upgrade is spitted in to phases for the monitoring and control purpose. The funds need to be allocated to manage the cost and expenses. Hence a budget is allocated separately which is USD 1.5 Mn. SAP S4 Project time lines SAP S4 HANA Gantt chart on Deliverables Key deliverables of the project The key goal is to successfully upgrade the SAP 6.0 HANA in to the SAP S4 HANA. Hemas FMCG Sector intends to integrate the Human Resource (HR) function also to the ERP which in not at present. The SAP S4 platform will enhance the integrity and will improve the communication which will be faster and safer in an email based operation. Efficiency improvements will occur in the eventuality. Responsibility and authority The SAP Upgrade Project team headed by the Hemas FMCG sector Project Manager will be the ultimate responsible party where as all team member of the project team will have an equal portion of the responsibility to deliver the a successful SAP upgrade. Mainly the time lines and the level of success will be monitored and the budget needs to be managed. The SAP Upgrade Project manager will be appointed by the Hemas FMCG Sector management were the member form each functional are will be added to make the presence and brining in ideas to meet the specific expectations of the project. The project manager focus is to monitor the project with the assistance of the functional consultants. Attune Lanka will be responsible for the realizing the project in meeting expected results. In order to make the project a success the Project manager needs to be provided with Resource in terms of Human Capital as well as knowledge, equipment and funds. Scope will provide necessary guide line which the project team will follow where the excellent level of leadership will drive the team live for its results. According to Laufer, it is clear that comprehensive understanding of the project via clear scope will facilitate the Project Manger to monitor the deadlines and cost factors ensuring no overrun in the two elements (Laufer, 2012). Project planning, phase monitoring, releasing the resource on time actions on deviation and contingency palling are critical elements. Communication gaps needs to be narrowed down where keeping the entire set of stake holder on the same page with updated information. 2.2 Work Breakdown Structure of the SAP S4 HANA upgrade project. The project at Hemas FMCG sector on SAP ERP 6.0 HANA upgrade to S4 HANA will flow through 6 months which is starting form the Project Kick off team formation to Go-live signoff. The total project can be broadly split in to key 5 areas which are clearly shown within in Project Life Cycle (PLC) as below. Scope definition Understanding the goal of the project is vital which happens in this stage. The GAP analysis will facilitate the stakeholders to understand Where are we and Where we need to go. The basic planning comes in handy whereas project time lines and resource identification and finalisation occur. Project SAP S4 planning After the resource are finalised the deliverables will be clearly defined and responsibilities of each and every member of the team will be explained recorded and with authority levels to act upon. Planning and Segregation duties will be performed by the Project manager which needs to be rolled out with proper decision making and leadership. Execution control Monitoring and control of the SAP project is while the project is on the go is a staple action needs to be taken during this stage. Basically implementation, review and control occur ensuring schedules are on track. Deviations needs to be monitored and problem solving and decision making plays a major roll during the session. Also the updated information needs to be reported to key stakeholders at the Hemas FMCG Sector. Project evaluation In terms of evaluation the testing is carried out as in the execution stage the project is on-going and controlled to meet the desired outcomes. The testing is carried out by deriving reports where the Test Data in faded to the system and checked against the previous report whether the output is correct and process is smooth. All testing results and outcomes needs to be kept in documented form and the progress will be reported Completion Focusing on the Project Life Cycle this is the last stage of the project, where an assessment is done against actual and expected outcomes. The delivery of the project results and handing over the project is occurred. The experience and the leanings of the overall project are identified via a post completion audit and the points are recorded to be used in future projects. The explanations for any deviations of the SAP S4 HANA upgrade will be reported with actions taken. As per Allen, the final user acceptance testing needs to be carried out and performed during completion stage and results needs to be checked and verified against project plan (Allen, 2004). Work Break down structure for the SAP S4 HANA upgrade project can be developed as provided below. The work is divided in to main five phases considering the project life cycle. The sub tasks are the reflector of the main ones. 3.1 Network Diagram The success of the project is what everyone intends. The priorities of each project are different to each other. The Network diagram represents the priorities that need to be in the SAP upgrade project demonstration the sequence of the activities allowing the Project management team to focus on the critical path which project should flow. Having the network diagram and understanding the critical path of activities create more visibility about the tasks processed and in the same time tasks can be managed in order to assist utmost vital tasks of the entire project which cannot be compromised at any cost (Young, 2000). In order to identify the dependencies between the activities the below predecessor table needs to be prepared. Then the Network Diagram will be drawn based on the predecessor table where the Project team will engage in following tasks. Gathering necessary resources the right team Identifying each sub tasks which supports the key task Putting the tasks in the sequence (along with dependencies) Allocating sufficient time for each of the tasks Calculating the least possible time for the most time consuming will identified as critical path finally. Calculate the earliest completion and latest completion times Finalise and review the diagram via a brainstorming session 3.2 Network diagram Critical Path These two are popular terms discussed in Project management which facilitate the project deadlines demonstrating the time frames in graphical for. 4.1 Proposed budget for the project. The cost factor is critical for any project as SAP upgrade. The budget needs to be managed by the project management team. When there are low budgets and restriction it will hinder the progress and the success of the SAP project. A well-managed budget helps to manage the funds and to optimal utilisation of resources. Also even the ultimate responsibility is to manage the budget is with the Project manager, the each and every team member needs to make sure that the tasks they are working on are operating and activated on time were the time factor can make a huge effect on the Budget if it gets dragged. Experienced gained form prior project related to implementation or upgrade will help the project manager and his team in ascertaining the spending patterns. . This specific project on SAP system upgrade will not be that tough as the SAP ERP 6.0 is already running live at the Hemas FMCG sector from 2005. During the progression of the project if the team decides that resource needs to be enhanced additional resources needs to be allocated which will result in Budget expansions. 4.2 Cost distribution plan SAP upgrade. The cost distribution plan demonstrates that the cost or rather the expense level at each stage of the project. This can be broken into weeks. Total spending against the each phase spending can be recognised via the cost distribution plan. Any deviation in the project which occurs subsequently will require additional funds to be spent. The cost distribution plan ensures that the organization is exactly planning the expenditure and the timing of the cost in the most appropriate manner. Hemas FMCG sector SAP S4 upgrade can be shown via the Cost distribution plan as below. (Values in USD 000s). There can be any type of the Project but Project quality management engages with all the controls and monitoring with regard to the quality of the project, as that aspect it expected by all the stakeholder as a key result of the project. The aspect of Quality Management can be discussed as follows. Level of Customer Satisfaction The project goal in to get derive the project goals and to witness the advantages of the project. Mostly a project is carried out to fulfil the customer requirements. When considering the SAP S4 HANA system the upgrade form SAP 6.0 HANA, the end users expect to enjoy the latest facilities in deriving report with more information, processing activities faster, more integration, user friendliness etc. Also since the HR will also get integrated to the Hemas FMCG sector operation via the system upgrade will result in a fully-fledged SAP experience in the eventuality. Continuous Enhancement The competition is at another level as is immense in the modern era. There is no time to relax. An ERP system facilitates the entire operation of the organisation to   it will help the continuous improvement in terms of Total Quality Management (TQM) and concepts such as Zero Defects, Six sigma. The Hemas FMCG sector had a growth of 23% against 2015 financial year, and will be growing at a rate. Hence the sector needs more focus in the improving continuously (Hemas Annual Report, 2016). Prevention over examination The cost of quality measurements are considered under this whether it is discussed that precautionary actions will help the organisation to succeed. This can be further discussed as cost of conformance and non-conformance. Basically the system upgrade in to SAP S4 will help Hemas FMCG to further look in to prevention and examinations while to operations grow at a rate. 5.1 Quality Assurance The topic of Quality Plan describes the identification of quality requirements of the projects and ensures the project is carried out within the quality boundaries. The output of a proper quality plan will be quality management plan, quality metrics and the fact of quality enhancements which is also known as process improvements plan. Quality Assurance can be broadly defined as the plan and systematic actions executed in a quality system in order to ensure the quality requirements for a specific product or service will be fulfilled. When considering the quality assurance techniques cost benefit analysis, cost of quality, benchmarking, control check lists and Fish borne diagrams are discussed. Cost of Quality The expenses that occur in Quality Management process is discussed in detail where and more focus will be to Prevention cost as that can be managed internally via improvements whereas Appraisal cost in external which the customers of Hemas FMCG get to know. Benchmarking Comparing the SAP 4S at Hemas with another organisation which is already will allows the project team and the stakeholder to identify how the system upgrade is and the success rate. What is to be learnt and how Hemas FMCG could improve the performance of the overall organisation. Flow charts The flow chart represents the sequence of the project progress in a graphic manner. Also this enables the SAP S4 project team to visualize the associated points and processes of the upgrade. Key decision points are identified via the chart and close monitoring can be done based on the identified facts. 5.2 Quality Control After the completion of the Project the Quality control mechanism takes place focusing on principles of the quality assurance. Quality control check is vital action that needs to be taken to verify whether the output of the project of SAP S4 system upgrade has been executed without any deviations from the original plan. The completed project will not have any advantage of this as this is an audit done upon post completion however the learning point of the upgrade project can be carry forward to make sure the future projects are performed with more care and control (Project Management Institute, 2017). The Risk Management plan is another crucial factor of a project as this facilitates in identification of risk of the specific project, assessing the risk and mitigating the risk. The risk exposure of the Hemas FMCG sector can be identified as follows. Risk identification Lack of high level of integrations HR functions separately Low level of requirement gathering and understanding No having sufficient knowledge by the end user on tacking the SAP S4 HANA Incomplete user acceptance procedure Lack of proper testing by the end user Risk of not completing in 2017 Q4 as planned Risk of budget over run in terms of cost and time 6.2 Risk assessment The risk exposures will help the risk assessment. This needs to be done with the comprehensive understanding of rick level and probability of occurrence. The practicality will also need to be counted in assessing the risk. Prior knowledge in SAP 6.0 HANA implementation occurred in 2005 will be useful in upgrading the existing ERP system at Hemas FMCG sector to the next level which is SAP S4 HANA. Maintenance of a risk register along with the risk assessment is the responsibility of the project team where the information needs to be shared in a frequent manner with the relevant parties in order to eliminate risks as much as possible to ensure the success of the SAP S4 upgrade project. Proper documentation and monitoring is important. SAP S4 HANA upgrade at Hemas FMCG identified risks in the risks identification phase will be utilised in processing the risk assessment as below. 6.3 Risk mitigation plan Risk mitigation is all about taking action for the per-identified risks and taking prompt action to diminish the negative impact which arises from them based on the priorities identified via the risk assessment. The Risk identified needs to address as below. Lack of high level of integrations HR functions separately The HR function not being integrated to the system leads to communication gaps. Hence the risk of brining in HR function Low level of   requirement gathering and understanding The risk of not gathering important information on the requirements will change the scope and having a reasonable level of braining storming with members form all the function will mitigate the risk. No having sufficient knowledge by the end user on tacking the SAP S4 HANA It is pointless having sophisticated systems if the end users do not know how to use them. Ultimately the investment will be just another useless project. The end users need to be given proper training which motivates them to use the system frequently without any fear. Incomplete user acceptance procedure All the users are required to accept the system via proper documentation. This is important is change management as smooth the users needed to get shifted to the new system in an appropriate way. Lack of proper testing by the end user This needs to be mitigated by running several test runs and 100% accuracy test which is the only method to do so. Risk of not completing in 2017 Q4 as planned Project plan execution at its best will remove any risk in delaying the project. The project team needs to coordinate well and execute the actions on time as agreed. Any deviations need to be communicated clearly with prior hand allowing the Project manager to take precautionary actions. Hemas financial year ends by 31st March 2018 and the on time completion will allows the Hemas FMCG to do a parallel run in the SAP S4 HANA. Risk of budget over run in terms of cost and time Budget needs to be managed as that has being agreed after a proper analysis which is USD 1.5 Mn. The perfect execution of project plan will mitigate this risk. Also having a supplementary budget for contingency will always help. Communication which leads to lot of issues due the gaps is the procedures. There is a paramount importance of proper communication for the success of the project. As per the SAP upgrade in Hemas FMCG sector there are key stake holders including Project team, management of FMCG sector, group IT, group Internal Audit team, shareholders etc. who needs to be managed with proper information. Hence communication plan will help to execute that smoothly. Sound level of communication needs to be handled by the project manager by himself and which will be replicated the project team member in the eventuality (Kliem, 2007). Communication plan needs to be equipped with, Standard format and levels of communication The modes which are intended to use Calls, Meetings, Memos, and Conference Calls etc. Responsibility of communication flow Frequency   of the and the activities which is communicated formally and informally How to fulfil the requirements of stakeholders in terms of communication. Timing and controls. In managing the communication requirements of the SAP S4 upgrade the below communication plan can be utilised. Hemas FMCG Sector SAP ERP system upgrade will be a challenge as the success of the project has a major impact to the Group as FMCG sector is the key revenue generator with 38% contribution. The challenges and the complexities can be managed via comprehensive understanding and smooth function of the project management methodology. The said project team need to be armed and equipped with necessary resources and skills to ensure a success of the upgrade project. It is a very critical move that the management decided by cultivating the idea of the SAP system upgrade. The intended results can be achieved as the report emphasise the face of on time quality deliverable in all the tasks of the full project. As mentioned above the leadership of the Project manager and the active participation of the team members are also critical as they are the driving force of the SAP upgrade process in to SAP S4 HANA in Hemas FMCG Sector. Also following proper quality plan, risk management plan and communication plan project team will be more prepared to possible issues that may arise in the project.

Romantic Sensibility :: Romantic Period

In life as well as literature, some sought to display their sensibility by weeping and fainting and blushing and reacting extravagantly to scenes of poverty or illness. Sensibility was understood as a capacity intimately connected with the physical nature of nerves. Essential to its existence was its operation on the body as well as the mind. Thus a propensity to blush and weep might be taken as evidence that the weepers, full of sensibility, loved their neighbours as themselves. (Spacks 141) During the Romantic period, the Sensibility movement began: as a result, the "conduct of private affections, charity, education, sympathy, genius, honour, and even the use of reason†¦became political statements" (Jones 13). Romantic Sensibility essentially moralized the enactment of sensitivity towards others (Spacks 127), arguing that empathetically-based relationships bring individuals together to form a unified, respectful, and moral social sphere. Key characteristics of the movement's literary adaptation include "anti-rationalism, a focus on emotional response and somatized reactions (tears, swoons, deathly pallor), a prevailing mood of melancholy, fragmentation of form, and set-piece scenes of virtue in distress" (Manning 81). The relationship between the novel of Romantic Sensibility and the Gothic novel is worth further academic inquiry as, similar to the genre of the Gothic, there is often a tendency in novels of Romantic Sensibility to "play with excess and arousal (wit h all the connotations of uncontrollable sexual excitation implied)" (Manning 90).

“Lines composed upon Westminster bridge, Sept. 3 1802” and “London” Essay

These two poems show very different views of London. â€Å"Lines composed upon Westminster Bridge†, written by William Wordsworth, describes London in detail. He captures the beautified city and expresses the calmness of the morning. William Blake, who lived around the same time, wrote â€Å"London† which expresses the chaotic and corrupt side of London. Wordsworth describes the city in much detail. â€Å"A sight so touching in its majesty.† The â€Å"Earth has not anything to show more fair.† He expresses his true feeling about the city from where he sees it. He goes on to personify the city and describe how it † doth like a garment wear The beauty of the morning; silent, bare†. He has captured the city in the morning when it is quiet and in a sense almost naked with no one yet bustling through the streets, there are no fume engulfed traffic jams or shouting street salesmen. There is only the calmness of the morning. All the man made objects and buildings, such as â€Å"ships, towers, domes, theatres and temples lie open unto the fields and to the sky†. The man built objects remain where they were left not yet being used by Londoners. The atmosphere is sublime, the sun is just rising and soaking everything in its light, â€Å"Never did sun more beautifully steep† â€Å"Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!† the scene is so peaceful he is feeling peace within himself. The natural body of the city, the river, is gliding in its own free way, the way it wants â€Å"the river glideth at its own sweet will† Its free will is moving it naturally through the city as though it were the countryside. The river has also been personified to give more emphasis of its freedom. He is so overwhelmed by the atmosphere and calmness of the city. â€Å"Dear God! The very houses seem asleep† everywhere he sees is not yet awake, again he has personified an object to give it more emphasis. His final line is describing the city as a â€Å"mighty heart† that is â€Å"lying still†. The capital, like the giant mechanism of a heart is just lying still. The aim from the poem is to describe the amazement he sees when looking over a massive city and seeing the calmness. He wants to express to others how peaceful and calm it makes him feel and pass that feeling on to the reader. The first two stanzas describe what the city is like, and what he sees around him. The sestet after this shows his personal response to what he has already described and how he feels about the city. Blake presents a much more depressing, morbid scene of London describing the corruptness of everything in the city. He is describing the attitudes and goings on in London that are normally never spoken about, the things which people may or may not know but which go on behind closed doors. A lot of repetition is used, unlike in Wordsworth’s poem, to give emphasis to the points which he is trying to make. â€Å"In every cry, of every Man, In every Infants cry of fear, In every voice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he only lists one example in each line but gives the effect of a lot of crying and pain and fear. He speaks in a first hand account throughout the poem â€Å"I wander†, â€Å"I hear†, and â€Å"I meet†. By speaking in the present tense it makes the reader more inclined to think it is going on here and now however old the poem may be. By beginning the first line with â€Å"I wander thro’ each chartered street† It makes it easier to visualise what he is describing because it is a first hand account. The chartered streets are each set out neatly and ordered, â€Å"the chartered Thames† is also very regulated and gives the impression of it being divided and bought and sold. He notices a mark in â€Å"every face I meet â€Å"Marks of wisdom, marks of woe.† This evidence of scars of weakness and great sadness in faces contrasts with the peaceful and happy atmosphere Wordsworth gave to London. He hears â€Å"mind-forg’d manacles† in cry’s of â€Å"every man† and â€Å"Infant’s cry of fear† he is referring to the fake, made up manacles that he cannot actually hear but knows that something is wrong. His repetition of cry continues to the next stanza where he talks of â€Å"chimney-sweepers† which are doing the dirty, hardest jobs and suffering for their work, an example of the depressed and morbid London. The description of the â€Å"blackening church† shows the soot taking over London and the church becoming almost evil, involved with dirty money or becoming corrupt. Even the church is starting to lose its faith. Another large part of London life is also criticised, â€Å"the hapless soldier’s sigh Runs in blood down palace walls.† Fighting is going on around the palace but going unnoticed, the palace is oblivious to the corruptness going on inside its own walls. He contrasts the third stanza with the 4th final stanza, not only the church and palace and the huge industries of London are corrupt the streets are also. â€Å"Thro’ the midnight streets I hear How the youthful harlot’s curse† there is a lot of prostitution going on in the streets of London but was something that wasn’t spoken about. The STD’s, or â€Å"curses† â€Å"blasts the new born infants tear†. Implying that prostitutes pass on STD’s and then these in turn get passed on to the newborn babies of those who have any disease. Another example of a corrupt system in London, which now effects the innocent. â€Å"And blights with plagues the marriage hearse.† Sleeping with prostitutes while married destroys the whole point of marriage and then if the partner becomes pregnant another generation is born into corruption. The use of hearse shows how marriage is carried away as though dead and not taken seriously. The extremely regular meter helps put across the ordered ways he describes the beginning. These chartered and regulated ways soon give way to the examples of how corruption is slowly taking over the whole city, the government, the church, the palace and the streets. The first poem also used a regular meter, which, also worked well in describing the city peacefully and happily. The two poems contrast greatly in not what they describe but how they describe it. Wordsworth has a much more calming poem, which in effect leaves the reader much more calm and peaceful. This is unlike Blake’s who describes so much evil and chaos going on, his poem leaves the reader much more depressed and almost disgusted with how the people and industries of London are behaving. Their use of language is also quite different, Wordsworth’s entire poem is full of description of â€Å"beauty†, â€Å"bright and glittering† and full of â€Å"splendour†. He uses very grand descriptions of everything unlike the descriptions of Blake, which are quite harsh and blunt, â€Å"blasts the new born infants tear†, â€Å"blights with plagues† and â€Å"runs in blood down palace walls.† I did enjoy both poems but preferred the first, â€Å"Lines composed upon Westminster† because of its use of more soothing, happy descriptions of London. It made me feel much more relaxed after reading it whereas â€Å"London† left me feeling slightly more depressed and sad. Although this may have been the aim of Blake’s poem I preferred Wordsworth’s poem because it was much calmer.

The Role Of Stigma And Labelling Social Work Essay Essays

The Role Of Stigma And Labelling Social Work Essay Essays The Role Of Stigma And Labelling Social Work Essay Essay The Role Of Stigma And Labelling Social Work Essay Essay In this essay I will show my apprehension of stigma and labelling. There are certain people who are stigmatised and substance users frequently have a negative stereotype. This negativeness will frequently non let the substance user to seek the aid and medical intervention that they need due to the stigma and labelling. I will be discoursing the research around the impacts of stigma and labelling that will impact non merely their intervention but in lodging and employment. The term stigma originates from the ancient Greek word and signifies that he or she could be a slave, condemnable or treasonist and was used as a mark of shame and shame. It is now used to depict people who are stereotyped because of their societal individuality ( Pierson A ; Thomas, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Goffman, when a individual is non able to run into outlooks because their behavior or properties are unwanted or unacceptable, so stigma disqualifies a individual from societal credence. Goffman suggests that stigma is, an unwanted property that is incongruous with our stereotype of what a given person should be Goffmam ( 1963:3 ) . Stigma is a usage of negative labels and is about discourtesy. It is non merely a affair of utilizing the incorrect word but labels that individual who has the substance usage upset. Stigma consequences in favoritism and maltreatment and is damaging to the lives of many people. The fright of stigma discourages households and many persons from acquir ing the support and intervention that they may necessitate to take normal healthy life styles. Stigma deprives people their full engagement into society which so reinforces negative stereotypes ( Goffman, 1968 ) . The manner of get bying with stigma is to hide behaviors and internalise these negative positions and as a consequence will be capable to favoritism and exclusion within many countries. Drug jobs will stay entrenched if substance users are seen as drug addicts . Landlords will be loath to allow out their belongingss and employers will be wary of giving them occupations. Employment and lodging are of import to substance users as it can be critical in set uping themselves back into society ( UKDPC, 2008 ) . Research surveies show that 80 % of drug users are unemployed. Bing employed is shown to be an of import constituent into the reintegration into society. Once in work, it will assist in constructing their self-pride and back into normal life ( UKDPC, 2008 ) . Family mem bers feel shame and stop swearing them and in some instances, disown him/her. Community s will thumb point , seek to avoid contact and will dish the dirt about them. Many would reason that society s disapproval of drug usage ; particularly hemp and diacetylmorphine will state stigma is necessary to show disapproval ( UKDPC, 2010 ) . Stigma can besides do the substance user stigmatize themselves, do them experience entirely, rejected and destruct their self-pride. Seeking aid is really hard for the substance user and will forestall them from making so. They will frequently experience that discontinuing would be no usage and returning to normal life would be impossible because people in society will no longer swear them and so will fall in in with other drug users, start condemnable activities to pay for their usage and accepting the incrimination of society ( UKDPC, 2010 ) . Stigma discourages households and persons from acquiring the support and intervention they require. Families suffer the impact when another household member has a drug usage ( UKDPC, 2009 ) and it alters all their societal invitations and friends that they one time had. Other household members will frequently retreat and kids will frequently be targeted by toughs. Stigma deprives people of their full interaction into society. The UK Drug Policy Commission ( UKDPC ) suggests that 1.5 Million people in the UK are affected by a relations drug usage. Supportive relationships are cardinal to a successful recovery. Carers UK commissioned a survey which estimated that carers in the UK made a part of ?87 billion in entire economic value in one twelvemonth. This may hold excluded many who have non come frontward with get bying with a relation who has a drug job but this gives us some indicant of the societal part probably to be made by the back uping households ( DrugScope/Adfam, 2009 ) . The drug user must hold finding and religion in making their ends and there will likely be reverses and barriers but with the support and part of societal workers, support groups, household and friends, this will assist towards the recovery procedure ( HM Government, 2010 ) . Families and relationships are cardinal issues for recovery and drug users improve when their household is behind them. They are more than probably to finish intervention and keep their new life styles ( Best A ; Laudet, 2010 ) . DrugScope published research in 2009 by questioning a random sample of over 1000 people aged 18 plus. The research published showed that one in five grownups had a personal experience of drug usage, either direct or indirect. The findings where: 19 % have personal experience of drug dependence either straight or among household or friends ; 1 in 10 grownups have a friend who has experience of drug dependence ; 1 in 20 have experienced drug dependence in their household ; 1 in 50 has personal experience of drug dependence. 77 % agree investing in drug intervention is reasonable usage of authorities money . The canvass found that 19 % either had direct or indirect personal experience of a household member or cognizing person within their circle of friends. 11 % were likely to hold a friend who has experienced drug dependence. 6 % had household members who were drug dependent, yet 2 % experienced the drug dependence themselves. These figures do propose that drug abuse and the dependence do impact many people s lives and is a societal job ( DrugScope, 2009 ) . Stigma to substance users will perchance do dependence recovery and intervention more hard. Substance users frequently manage in secret and would instead non seek out the intervention and unrecorded in denial. The University of Nevada studied 197 drug users on the affects of stigmatisation. This research identified that because of the usage of stigma they would go more dependent on their drug usage due to the perceived negativeness that the society had on drug users. 60 % of drug users in this survey felt that they were treated otherwise after people knew that they were a drug user. 46 % felt that others became afraid of them one time they found out and 45 % felt that their households gave up on them and wanted nil more to make with them. 38 % of their friends had rejected them and eventually, 14 % of employers paid a lower pay ( Addiction, 2010 ) . Users have no good ground to halt utilizing when you look at this research survey. This research identifies that stigma is conceptuality alone. Drug users besides had a more hard clip in intervention at wining when there were higher degrees of stigma. The survey besides showed that drug users frequently cope in secret due to their inability to openly discourse their dependence ; this caused hapless mental wellness and decreased their opportunities of recovery. By cut downing shame the society could assist in driving frontward in assisting the intervention of drug users who are non coming frontward due to stigma ( Addiction, 2010 ) . Stigmatizing is non merely found amongst the populace but besides by the professionals who may be working straight with them. Professionals, such as physicians and nurses, who work straight with drug users, will hold a greater penetration into the jobs that drug users face on a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours footing. Miller et Al ( 2001 ) mentioned in UKDPC ( 2010:30 ) summarised research from the USA which showed an addition in negativity towards drug users. Two surveies of the intervention of jobs with drug users and drinkers both in the inmate attention and safety net exigency section showed that negative positions during preparation, continued when they became qualified and working within their pattern ( UKDPC, 2010 ) . Stigma between wellness professionals and the drug user will forestall them from seeking aid and may be one of the grounds as to why the drug user will non seek out the aid or medical intervention that they require ( Kelly A ; Westerhoff, 2010 ) . Everyone knows that it is incorrect to know apart, whether it is because of their race, civilization or faith. Substance usage is really common and is widely misunderstood. It is indispensable that we learn about the individual and dainty with self-respect and regard. This will so assist in stressing their abilities ( Mental Health and Recovery Board, 2009 ) . Public attitudes to drug dependence were explored in the UK in 2002 ( Luty A ; Grewal, 2002 ) . Results showed that 28 % regarded drug users as holding a mental wellness job. 38 % assumed that drug users were felons and 78 % to be fallacious and undependable. 30 % said that they deserved the bad luck that fell upon them. 62 % thought that the jurisprudence were excessively soft on drug users and 40 % believed that their kids should be taken into attention. It was concluded by Luty and Grewal, 2002, the consequences clearly indicate a negative position of drug nuts ( Luty A ; Grewal, 2002:94 ) . Yet, DrugScope in 2009 wanted to happen out the attitudes of the public towards drug users and drug intervention. They commissioned a canvass and the findings suggest that the populace to be really sympathetic than sometimes frequently assumed. 80 % of the people surveyed agreed that people can go addicted to drugs because of other jobs within their life . 35 % agreed that it was the persons mistake for drug usage and that there is no alibi. A big sum of respondents 88 % agreed that for the drug user to acquire back on path, they needed aid and support and 77 % holding that the investing of authorities money towards drug intervention is reasonable. This research showed a sympathetic response of the bulk of the people surveyed. Drug users are the most marginalised people in society where favoritism and stigma are cardinal into the barriers of having recovery. Two tierces in a recent canvass showed that employers would non use anyone with history of drug usage, even though they were suited for the occupation. Stigma and favoritism still remains a barrier to recovery and will clearly impact of them happening work. It will besides impact being housed suitably and accessing the health care that they need ( DrugScope, 2009 ) The things that we can make as practicians in assisting to get the better of the stigmatization is to hold a better apprehension of how hard it is for people to alter who may hold low self-efficacy. First feelings count and for a substance user, coming through the door is difficult plenty. The substance user will hold come because they are in a crisis and has realised it is clip for alteration ( Lecture Notes, 2012 ) . As societal workers we have to gain that prosecuting with the substance user will assist in the first stairss to recovery and aid in constructing relationships. Building regard and trust will forestall misinterpretations that may take to conflict. Having good communicating accomplishments is effectual and at the bosom of societal work. It is merely through our communicating accomplishments that we are able to understand the cognition of others and work efficaciously ( Trevithick, 2009 ) . It is of import to pass on as it helps in interchanging our ideas and feelings an d in organizing the foundation of a good relationship. Communication allows you to assist the substance user to be more receptive to the new thoughts by making an environment that they can swear and assist in developing declarations. To hold an unfastened and honest relationship, trust is of import in wining this. An understanding ideally should be met with the substance user about confidentiality. They have a right to cognize who will be able to entree any information about them ( Koprowska, 2010 ) . Motivational Interviewing is a good known theoretical account developed by William Miller in 1982. It is a theoretical account used with people to arouse alteration, particularly people who have debatable substance abuse. Motivational interviewing is a client-centred guidance manner and helps the service user to make their determinations about possible behavior alteration ( Nelson, 2012 ) . This theoretical account helps in placing and understanding the substance user s motive to alter and foreground to the client their sensed negatives and benefits of alteration. The rules of motivational interviewing are to show empathy, develop disagreement by assisting the client in increasing their consciousness of the effects of their behavior. Avoiding debate as it is them who are the expert. Roll with opposition by promoting the client to develop their ain statements. Resistance is normal if you are uncomfortable about something and in conclusion self efficaciousness by foregrounding the acco mplishments and the alterations they have already made ( Lecture Notes, 2012 ) . Measuring motive with the substance user and happening out at which stages they may be will assist in me placing where the substance user is in their dependence. A good known theoretical account called the rhythm of alteration developed by DiClemente and Prochaska ( 1982 ) represents the point at which the substance user base on ballss during their alteration in behavior. The different phases are: Pre-Contemplation, this is where the service user has no desire to alter. Contemplation, this is where the service user may be sing their state of affairs and is more cognizant of it. Preparation is where the service user makes a determination to alter their substance abuse. Action and this is where the service user takes stairss in conveying about alteration. Care is where they have stopped utilizing the drugs and moved to a more controlled and less harmful manner of utilizing and is keeping that alteration. Backsliding is where the service user will travel back to their old behavior and will hold to get down the Cycle of Change once more ( Teater, 2011:122 ) . The substance user may steal back or backsliding in to their old behavior because lasting behavior is really hard to alter, peculiarly with people who want to do alteration in substance abuse. This is really hard and may take several efforts ( Nelson, 2012 ) . Motivational interviewing will assist the substance user move through the phases of alteration. Having good active hearing accomplishment is of import and will assist in doing the substance user feel that he/she is being helped. Many people will experience encouraged when they have been genuinely listened to without break and will frequently go bucked up and empowered ( New Jersey Self-Help Group Clearinghouse ) . A good hearer allows the individual to acquire their ain narratives and sentiments across, which active hearing will let them to make so. If you interrupt, the individual will experience that they may non hold been listened to. They will non experience respected and may keep information through being cautious. It is of import to let them to cognize that you were listening and will assist in promoting them to go on speaking. Leaning frontward, keeping oculus contact will besides demo them you are interested in what they have to state ( MindTools, 2012 ) . You have to retrieve to non allow environmental factors distract you as this could do you lose focal point. Giving the substance user your undivided attending and acknowledge what they are stating. Using organic structure linguistic communication either by nodding on occasion, smiling and promoting the talker to go on by stating verbal remarks, such as yes and go on will promote the talker to go on by cognizing you are listening. Giving positive feedback by rephrasing e.g. What I am hearing is and It sounds like you are stating , are good ways of reflecting back and aid in clear uping certain points that the substance user may hold said and helps towards acquiring more background information. Paraphrasing besides helps in leting yourself to truly understand what has been said and helps the substance user know that they have been heard und understood right ( Koprowska, 2010 ) . Having the three nucleus conditions of guidance of empathy, regard and congruity will assist to heighten the substance user s motive to alter. Empathy allows seting you in another individual s places and holding a be tter apprehension of their feelings and emotions. You must disregard your ain perceptual experience of the state of affairs and accept their feelings and ideas. By making this does non intend that you accept the behavior they are making but means that you understand them. Congruity allows you to be yourself and that you are merely human and a existent individual. This will assist in cut downing the emphasis the substance user may hold. Having regard is accepting the individual for who they are irrespective of what the individual says or does. When others have perchance made that individual experience negative, it is really difficult for them to experience positive. Showing the substance user regard will demo willingness that you want to work with them, which will let them to turn assurance ( Trevithick, 2009 ) . Change is hard, so it is normal for the substance user to experience ambivalent. Using the Decisional Balance will assist in placing the positives and negatives of their behavior. If you are traveling to alter, you need a ground to and people change when the positives outweigh the negatives. We ever have to be cognizant of the short term or long term hazard factors including their degree of use and what type of drugs they are utilizing ( Miller A ; Rollnick, 2002 ) . Motivational interviewing helps the substance user in placing the importance of their behavior alteration and besides helps the practician aid in making so by heightening their motive. This theoretical account works good alongside the cycle of alteration as it is utile to measure where the substance user may be in their rhythm of alteration and aid in placing the schemes you may utilize ( Nelson, 2012 ) . In decision, if a individual does non conform to societal stereotypes, they are more than probably to be marginalised and bear stigma. Peoples with substance abuse are of all types and come from different backgrounds ( Pycroft, 2010 ) . Working with persons who are sing substance usage, it is of import to stay focused. Supplying changeless feedback and offering support will assist in prosecuting the drug user towards work outing the crisis the substance user may hold. Having a non-judgemental attitude underpins societal work along with empathy and protagonism ( Trevithick, 2009 ) . Peoples with substance abuse are frequently viewed as less worthy and meriting. Stigmatization can do bias, marginalization, favoritism and subjugation and is frequently reinforced by the media and even our ain households ( Theory and pattern, 2011 ) . Peoples who substance usage are frequently stigmatised and experience shameful of it and can go on if the substance user has had several efforts. When you a re ashamed of something and you unwrap it, it is really difficult particularly if you re diffident as to how the other individual is traveling to react. It is of import for myself to reflect upon my ain value base and biass that I may hold. Referances All about Addiction ( 2010 ) Addiction Stigma: devising dependence recovery, and dependence intervention entry, even harder. www.allaboutaddiction.com/addiction/addiction-stigma-making-addiction-recovery-harder ( accessed 16 November 2012 ) Best, D, . Laudet, A. B. ( 2010 ) The potency of recovery capital, Royal Society of Arts. 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Does it count how we refer to persons withsubstance-related conditions? A randomised survey of two commonly used footings. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21 ( 3 ) , 202-7. Koprowska, J. ( 2010 ) . Communication and Interpersonal Skills in Social Work. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Lecture Notes ( 2012 ) Social Work with Substance Users: Assessment and Initial Intervention. Hull University. Luty, J. and Grewal, P. ( 2002 ) . A study of the British populace s attitudes towards drug Dependence . Journal of Substance Use, 7, 93-5. Mental Health and Recovery Board ( 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mhrbeo.org/stigma.html ( accessed 20 November 2012 ) Mind Tools ( 2012 ) . Active Listening. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mindtools.com/CommSkll/ActiveListening.htm ( accessed 26 November 2012 ) Miller, W, . Rollnick, S. ( 2002 ) Motivational Interviewing: preparing people for alteration. New York: Guildford Press. Nelson, Anna ( 2012 ) Social Work with Substance Users, London: Sage Publications Ltd. New Jersey Self-Help Group Clearinghouse. Improving your listening Skills . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mededfund.org/NJgroups/Listening_Skills.pdf ( accessed26 November 2012 ) . Pierson, J. , Thomas, M. ( 2010 ) Dictionary of Social Work. England: Open University Press. Pycroft, A. ( 2010 ) Understanding and Working with Substance Misusers. London: Sage Prochaska, J. , DiClemente, C. 1982 ) Transheoretical therapy: Towards a more integrative theoretical account of alteration , Theory, Research and Practice, 19:276-88. Maclean, S, . Harrison, R. ( 2011 ) . Theory and Practice: A straightforward Guide for Social Work Students. Great Britain: Kirwin Maclean Associates Ltd. Trevithick, p. ( 2009 ) Social Work Skills: a pattern enchiridion. England: Open University Press UKDPC ( 2008 ) Working Towards Recovery . London: UK Drug Policy Commission. hypertext transfer protocol: //ukdpc.org.uk/publications.shtml # employment_report ( accessed 15 November 2012 ) . UK Drug Policy Commission ( 2009 ) . Adult Family Members and Carers of Dependant Drug Users: Prevalence, societal cost, resource nest eggs and intervention responses. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ukdpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Evidence % 20review % 20- % 20Adult % 20family % 20members % 20and % 20carers % 20of % 20dependent % 20drug % 20users_ % 20prevalence, % 20social % 20cost, % 20resource % 20savings % 20and % 20treatment % 20responses.pdf ( accessed 26 November 2012 ) UKDPC ( 2010 ) Getting serious about Stigma: the job with stigmatizing drug users. London: UK Drug Policy Commission. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ukdpc.org.uk/publication/getting-serious-about-stigma-problem-stigmatising ( accessed 15 November 2012 ) . UKDPC ( 2010 ) Sinning and Sinned Against: The Stigmatisation of Problem Drug Users. London: UKDPC hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ukdpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Policy % 20report % 20- % 20Sinning % 20and % 20sinned % 20against_ % 20the % 20stigmatisation % 20of % 20problem % 20drug % 20users.pdf ( accessed 18 November 2012 ) Trevithick, P. ( 2009 ) Social Work Skills: a pattern enchiridion. England: Open University Press. Teater, B. ( 2011 ) Using Social Work Theories and Methods, England: Open University Press.