Smart Card Marketing Solutions Essay

Smart Card Marketing Solutions is a company established in 2003 that provides prepaid card services to customers seeking an alternative to credit cards and as a form of electronic records for merchants in regards to recording a customer buying behavior. Smart Card Marketing Solutions (referred to in this paper as SMKG going forward) offered four types on services: GoSmartCard, Velocity money, Velocity Merchant, and prepaid wireless. Each of the services, in addition to the audience, back ground on the market, strengths and weaknesses of the company, and marketing strategies. Types of Service and Competition Go Smart Card The GoSmartCard is a service that allows companies to use the card and incentive programs. This is offered to merchants and retailed and personal account information. The platform itself is a real-time internet based application that monitors the transaction in real-time and allow for merchants to access the information. The competition could be any company or retailer that offers gift cards. This service is offered by many retailers already. This service is already in the market and for some time now. Velocity Money The service includes two card types: Pin Debit Card, which is used by customers as one would a traditional debit card and a Master debit card, which operates like a traditional Master card. Both are attractive features but there lies a flooded market with lots of competition Velocity Merchant This service allows electronic check processing. This feature has been offered by Tele-Check for many years. The advantage to this feature is the e-commerce site that offers additional features such as private labeling on Master card and instant money transfers. Those are two attractive features. Prepaid Wireless Now prepaid wireless is a service offered, which allows the retailer does not have to pay for a product until after the sale is made. This is a very attractive feature for retailers. Access to the Market Feasibility The goal of feasibility is to is to assess the economic viability of the proposed business. The feasibility study needs to answer the question: â€Å"Does the idea make economic sense?† The study should provide a thorough analysis of the business opportunity, including a look at all the possible roadblocks that may stand in the way of the cooperative’s success. The outcome of the feasibility study will indicate whether or not to proceed with the proposed venture. If the results of the feasibility study are positive, then the cooperative can proceed to develop a business plan. (Williams, 2011) After review of the customer’s website, services offered, and over goal, the Market feasibility does not make sense. The market is saturated with competition such as Visa, MasterCard, Discover, AMEX, Rush Card, and many more. The company does not appear to have done the necessary research to determine the whether there is a need for this service in the market. In addition, this would hint to the fact a proper business plane was not completed and reviewed. Their validity of market acceptance appears to be assumed versus researched and studies. Conclusion Overall, SKMG could have done more research on the need of their services. Primary market research is one of the starting points for this customer to have been able to determine acceptance into the market. Appendix I shows the current state of their stability in the market.

The First Australian- Aboriginal Australia

Indigenous spirituality can be defined as the incorporation of a community’s spiritual trail, alongside which it progresses to attain a given purpose, like a higher state of responsiveness, outreach understanding or empathy with the Creator. For example the Aboriginal spirituality is a feeling of unity, of belonging and mostly connected to land.To them land is their culture, food, spirit and identity. Spirituality is demonstrated by use of rituals, ceremonies and or paintings. It is dynamic and has assimilated rudiments of other beliefs (Beaman 2002).Source: http://wwwcreativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/spirituality/ On the above picture the Aboriginal people are seen on a ritual to fill ochre in an old tree pit carving. This carving is a representation of a departed person’s court of arm. Its feeling symbolizes healing. Dreaming according to the Aborigines is used to illustrate the associations and stability between natural, moral and spiritual basics of the world. It goes beyond the literal meaning on that it depicts the period of time between the beginning of the universe and living reminiscence or originator ancestors.Dreamtime is a term used to describe the period during which the earth, the heavens above together with all their contents were created by the actions of paranormal and inexplicable beings. It is the surroundings in which the Aboriginals stayed in and still exists â€Å"all around us† as they say. This was an important aspect as the Aborigines were educated on the origins of the ethnic group through the dreamtime establishment myths which were the foundation of Aboriginal society dependable for proving conviction of existence.They played a big part towards their survival as evident in so many years. However, it is worth noting that ‘dreaming’ is mostly used in reference to believe or spirituality of a group or individual. Dreaming according to the Aboriginals offers a pleasant structure for individual under standing in the universe (Elkin 1993). One of the most horrifying aspects in the history of Australia is the forced snatching of Aboriginal children from their families. Young children were stolen from their parents and taken to children homes, foreign families and missions.The children brought up in the missions or through foster guardians were denied their Aboriginal traditions. They were tortured if caught speaking their native language and the young ones were not taught anything to do with Aboriginality. Boys were trained to become stockmen and girls to be household servants. In the missions the children were often subjected to physical and sexual abuse. It was only after reaching the age of majority that they were freed to the white society, habitually victimized by their occurrences.As a result of stealing the children of the Aboriginals the white people stole their future. Traditions, Language, dances, knowledge and spirituality were halted and the whites hoped that the Abori ginal culture would be demolished in a very short time. The effects on the stolen generation were loneliness, identity loss, mistrust to all, internal guilt, obscurity to find own religious believes, depression and Trans-generational traumas among others (Elkin 1993).In Australia the Aboriginal art dates back to more than a millennium, rock art and bark painting being the most common. These are usually painted with worldly colors especially from ochre. The Aboriginals poses painted narrations from Dreamtime. Today their artists carry on with their traditions using modern arts and materials. It is the most distinguished in the world and it makes me feel attracted to it. Source: http://www. creativespirits. info/aboriginalculture/spirituality/The above picture shows an example of an Aboriginal spiritual picture of the crucifixion. This was used in Sydney on The Catholic World Youth Day in the year 2008. This clearly shoes how the ancient Aboriginal art is being used relevantly in mode rn days. References Beaman, J, 2002, Aboriginal Spirituality and the Legal Construction of Freedom of Religion, Available At: < http://jcs. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/reprint/44/1/135. pdf Elkin, A. P, 1993, Aboriginal Men of High Degree. Inner Traditions, Carson.

Developments In Direct Reduced Iron

Developments In Direct Reduced Iron ( DRI )Direct reduced Fe ( DRI ) is produced through the solid province decrease of Fe oxides derived from Fe ore or electric discharge furnace ( EAF ) mulcts for the usage as a virgin Fe beginning in the EAF or basic O furnace ( BOF ) processes. Virgin Fe beginnings are needed in the EAF procedure to thin the remainders ( Cu, Ni, Cr, Mo, or Va ) nowadays from old steel doing operations in the bit steel used as the primary natural stuff used in the EAF. DRI is produced in many different procedures utilizing several different fuels and different provender stocks. The DRI processes use several reaction vass including shaft furnaces, rotary fireplace furnaces, fluidized bed reactors, traveling bed reactors, and rotary kilns. The fuels used in the procedures are chiefly coal or natural gas, these fuels are used to make a reduction ambiance and elevated temperature to make a more favourable reaction. The quality of the DRI is measured by the sum of meta llic Fe ( Fe or Fe3C ) is present in the merchandise. This figure is called metallization and is reported in a per centum of the entire mass of the merchandise. The merchandises of the DRI procedures are either pelletized into DRI or briquetted into hot briquetted Fe ( HBI ) . The decrease of the Fe ore or EAF mulcts takes topographic point in several reactions that cut down the Fe oxides to metallic Fe ( eq. 1 and 2 ) . The reduction gases are produced by burning natural gas or a C beginning so adding the heated burning merchandises to the reaction vass. Fe2O3 + 3H2 ( g ) > 2Fe + 3H2O ( combining weight. 1 ) Fe2O3 + 3CO ( g ) > 2Fe + 3CO2 ( combining weight. 2 ) Hydrogen and C monoxide are formed from burning natural gas, while merely C monoxide is formed when coal or coke is combusted. The difference between the procedures is how the provender stock is exposed to the burning gases. The most common type of reaction vas is the shaft furnace where the provender stock is fed into the top of the furnace so dropped through the vas to be exposed to the reduction gasses so extracted from the underside of the furnace. The conceiver of utilizing the shaft furnace for DRI production is the Midrex corporation and is known as the Midrex Process. The Midrex procedure uses a Reformed natural gas as the decrease gas and requires the usage of pelletized Fe ore as a provender stock. The natural gas is combusted in a reforming vas so fed into the shaft furnace where it is assorted with extra natural gas and O to make some more chemical energy for the procedure ( figure 1 ) . The fluke gas is so fed through a station burning chamber and the energy extracted from station burning is used to preheat the provender gas. This gas is so fed to a bag house where it is scrubbed before being reintroduced to the ambiance. This procedure creates chiefly DRI pellets due to the provender stock being pelletized Fe ore and at that place non being a demand to alter the geometry through briquetting. A mistake of the Midrex procedure is its dependance on pelletized ore. The procedure requires the provender stock to incorporate no more than 3 % mulcts. The DRI pellets produced have a high metallization of 95 % on norm, doing it the highest quality DRI. The usage of the station burning allows the Midrex procedure to derive the bulk of the available energy and is what has made it favourable for the bulk of world-wide DRI production A faster production method and 1 that has more flexibleness than the shaft furnace is the rotary fireplace furnace or the Fastmet procedure. The rotary fireplace furnace is a uninterrupted operation that feeds stuff into a revolving furnace that passes the stuff through the reduction atmosphere so removes the stuff near when it completes the full rotary motion ( figure 2 ) . Unlike the Midrex procedure the Fastmet procedure uses mulcts as a feedstock. This allows for the recycling of EAF mulcts and mill dust that would be otherwise disposed of as a risky stuff. The Fastmet procedure uses a C cut downing agent and O burners. The C can be from legion beginnings such as coal, C bearing wastes, and coke. The procedure is seldom run utilizing coke due to the high cost of the coke and the procedure being capable of running on lower quality C mixes. The procedure requires a pelletizing or a briquetting operation due to the provender stock being mulcts. The full procedure requires between si x and twelve proceedingss to finish. The rotary fireplace furnaces produce a direct reduced Fe with a metallization runing from 85-92 % depending on the quality of the provender stock. Fluidized bed reactors are a batch reactor that introduces the stuff into the reactor so the reduction gasses are fed into the underside of the vas with adequate force per unit area to drift the provender stuff. This natation of the provender stuff allows for all of the surface country of the stuff to be exposed to the reduction gasses. There are several signifiers of fluidized bed reactors being used in the market today. The difference between the reacting vass is the figure of responding vass and the type of fuel used to making the reduction gases. The first type of fluid bed reactor is the Finmet procedure using Fe ore mulcts or EAF dust as a provender stuff and natural gas as a cut downing fuel. This procedure uses up to a four phase reactor with the progressive phases utilizing a higher gas speed and a lower reaction clip to derive between 91 % and 93 % metallization ( figure 3 ) . The Finmet procedure requires a briquetting operation because the provender stock is mulcts but be cause of necessitating a high pureness natural gas fuel it produces a really low residuary HBI. The following two procedures, Circofer and Circored, both feature a two phase fluidized bed reactor with the first phase being a short keeping clip vas with a high gas speed and the 2nd phase a long keeping clip with a low gas speed ( figure 4 ) . The difference between the two is that the Circofer procedure uses metallurgical coal for a fuel while the Circored procedure uses natural gas. Both of these reach an mean 92 % metallization and provender pellets. Hsysla steel developed a traveling bed reactor to make DRI ( figure 5 ) . The Hyl procedure provenders lump Fe into the procedure and a high H content reformed natural gas. The high H is created by reforming with a nickle-based accelerator. The Hyl procedure uses an elevated temperature and force per unit area to increase the processing clip for the reactions. The high H and the elevated temperature and force per unit area create a high quality DRI with 93 % mean metallization. The concluding reactor vas is the Allis Chalmers controlled Atmosphere Reactor ( ACCAR ) . The ACCAR uses a counter flow rotary kiln. The rotary kiln procedure uses a low quality but extremely reactive coal to make cut downing gasses ( figure 6 ) . The rotary kiln produces a DRI with a 92 % metallization. The responding vas does non use any of the station burning in the procedure but station burning vass have been added to the procedure to make adequate energy to power the full installation and add some back to the grid. With DRI being produced in many different treating methods there are some cardinal characteristics that set some appart from the others. The rotary kiln, shaft furnace, and the traveling bed reactor vass produce the highest metallization. The rotary fireplace furnace has the fastest procedure clip. The most popular on the market right now is the Midrex shaft furnace with about 60 % of the market portion of DRI production ( table 1 ) . DRI is a stuff that EAF operations have come to depend on and will go on to increase usage due to the high cost of hog Fe and the continued recycling of bit steel.Table 1 ) Comparative sum-up of procedures as of 2008World Production Reactor Feed Type Reducing agent Average metallization Merchandises ACCAR 24.0 % Rotary Kiln pellets Low quality Coal 92 % Pellets and Energy FinMet 2.0 % Fluid bed reactor ore mulcts natural gas 91-93 % Briquettes Hyl 14.5 % Traveling bed reactor ball ore Coal 93 % Pellets or briquettes Midrex 58.2 % Shaft pellets natural gas 95 % Pellets Circofer 0.5 % two stage fluid bed ore mulcts Coal 92 % Pellets or briquettes Circored 0.5 % two stage fluid bed ore mulcts natural gas 92 % Pellets or briquettes Fastmet 0.4 % Rotary fireplace EAF dust/scrap Carbon 85-92 % BriquettesPlants CitedBresser, W. , & A ; Weber, P. ( 1995 ) . Circored and circofer: State of the art Technology for low cost direct decrease. Iron Steel Eng. ( USA ) Vol. 72, no 4, pp. 81-85. Energiron. ( n.d. ) . HP- HYL Process Description. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from Energiron Corperate Website: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energiron.com/tour/HYL % 20DR-Minimill % 20QTVR % 20tour/files/supportdocs/dri/pressprocess.pdf Kobe Steel, LTD. ( n.d. ) . FastMet Process. Retrieved Decemeber 7, 2009, from Kobelco, Kobe Steel LTD: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kobelco.co.jp/p108/fastmet/indexe.htm Kobelco. ( n.d. ) . Fastmet Process Flow. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from Kobelco Corperation Website: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kobelco.co.jp/english/topics/2008/10/fastment_process_flow.pdf Lepinski, J. A. ( 1980 ) . THe ACCAR System and its Application to Direct Reduction of Iron Ores. Iron Steel Eng Vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 25-31. Lopez, G. G. , & A ; Noriega, E. ( 2008, December ) . InTech Hot Fe. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from Emerson Process Management: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.easydeltav.com/news/viewpoint/InTech1208.pdf Lopukhov, G. A. ( 2003 ) . The ‘Finmet ‘ engineering. Elektrometall Vol. 1, pp 43-44. Midrex Corp. ( 2009, April 1 ) . 2008 World Direct Reduced Statistics. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from Midrex Corperate Website: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.midrex.com/uploads/documents/MIDREXStatsBook2008.pdf Quintero Yanez, D. ( 1992 ) . Development of Thursday Use of HYL DRI in the Electric Arc Furnace. 4th European Electric Steel Congress, ( pp. pp 273-283 ) . Madrid ; Spain. Schutze, W. R. ( n.d. ) . HBI – Hot Briquetting of Direct Reduced Iron. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from Koppern Corperation Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.koeppern.de/download/11_7.pdf Tanaka, H. , Harada, t. , & A ; Yoshida, S. ( 2005 ) . Development of Coal-Based Direct Reduction Ironmaking Process. SEAISI Quarterly Vol 34, Number 4, ppp 26-33. Weber, P. , Hirsch, M. , Bresser, W. , & A ; Husain, R. ( 2009 ) . Circofer, A Low Cost Approach to DRI production. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from Hot Briqetted Iron Association: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hbia.org/Technical/openpdf.cfm? filename=DRProcess/1994-1DR.pdf

The Failure of the Launch in Thiokol and NASA Term Paper

The Failure of the Launch in Thiokol and NASA - Term Paper Example The National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA)’s flight, which was using the Challenger spaceship, under the mission, STS 51-L burst into flames within the first 72 seconds after takeoff, on January 28, 1986 (Kizza 170). The flight was scheduled to occur in July 1985, but it was postponed for three times until the day this flight took off resulting into a fatal accident. This accident destroyed the established reputation of NASA, as well as the prestige attached to the space program. Globally, millions of people were shocked by the event, which unfolded.          According to (Kizza), the loss of the Challenger emerged due to a joint failure at the lower segments, which are located at the solid rocket motor found on the right side of the Challenger (170). This joint failure was attributed to destruction of seals, which are aimed at preventing leakage of hot gases. As such, a combustion leakage of a gas, which is found at the right solid rocket motor adjacent to the joint initiated shortly or at the ignition. This resulted in the initiation of the vehicle structural breakup, as well as the loss of the Space Shuttle Challenger in the STS 51-L Mission.          Further investigations indicated that sabotage and pay-load or elements of the STS 51-L Shuttle did not contribute towards the joint failure. Moreover, the design specifications of the Shuttle were not altered. This was a conclusion was arrived at after the establishment of the investigations on non-conformance, quality control, assembly, manufacturing, and materials for the Space Shuttle were conducted. The launch activities of the Space Shuttle, including preparation and assembly were in accordance with procedures, which are established. This indicates that the launch activities were not factors of considerations as the main sources or contributors towards the occurrence of the accident.              In the manufacturing process of a vehicle or any machine, design is a critical step, which engineers focus on in order to ensure that the designed machine, vehicle, or equipment has the ability to attain the desired objectives.

Research method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research method - Essay Example Positivists believe that all true knowledge is scientific, and that all things are ultimately measurable, and that knowledge can be organized in clear and generally accepted ways.   A positivist also tends to believe there is one best way to do things (Bryman & Bell, 2006, 57). Realism is all about accepting an event or situation as it is and preparing to deal with it accordingly (D’Aleo) Realism can thus exist independent of the onlooker. Phenomenology is about getting the deeper reasons behind human actions, concentrating on personal perspective and interpretation (Lester, 2000, 2). It would use personal interviews to get individual perspectives rather than make sweeping generalizations about the reasons behind choices. While measuring the size of the customer segment, it is clear that positivism using a scientific or mathematically verifiable method would be the best way to proceed. In research projects, both inductive and deductive reasoning can be used to establish hypotheses to be proved or disproved. Inductive reasoning progresses from the specific to the general (www.nakedscience.org). For example, regarding the feedback about their first visits to the Thai restaurant, we can start with the observations of individual opinion leaders or age groups and end by surmising the likelihood that a particular behavior or preference will be endorsed by the majority of the Brighton community of that age group or social segment. Deductive reasoning by contrast, progresses from the general to the specific (Saunders et al, 2009, 152). We can look at the major reasons why the Thai restaurant is preferred to others in the Brighton area and then concentrate on specific elements that are likely to draw in more

Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Stress - Essay Example Some people start fighting when they are stressed out as a reactionary measure, which is called fight and the third is left or flight, which means that the stressed out person tries to escape of flee from the problems. My condition when I am stressed out is like freeze as I really do not know what should I do and where should I go. I have many issues in life, which have made me introvert. I want to keep everything just to myself. When I consider myself helpless and emotionally devastated, I try to cry aloud in loud music so that others cannot hear me. I cry until I get awfully tired and after that, I feel somewhat relaxed and eased out. I also spend my troublesome time at the sea where I just sit and ponder over my problems and life as a whole. I try to let in the cool air so that the heat within me caused by my issues can get cold. In my stressed condition, I do a lot of shopping that is useless after which, I have to go back to return certain things. I am not the only one with issues, as when I sat with my group members, we all felt sad because of our own issues in our lives. I was really surprised when I saw a guy crying out of emotional outburst. I used to think that men could not cry, as men are perceived as really unacceptable when they cry. However, like women, men can also have many issues, which can bring tears to their eyes. That guy was really worried and disturbed due to which, he shared his problems with others. Everyone has his own issues and they are not the same. However, people have issues with their parents, siblings, friends, and so on, that can appear as somewhat similar. They can cry like children, as they perceive themselves helpless and unsupported, due to which, all that they can do is crying for their issues. I considered myself alone and secluded and with problems. However, when I see other people with problems too, I do not consider

Adult Learners in Higher Education and Training(Human Resource Essay

Adult Learners in Higher Education and Training(Human Resource Development) - Essay Example The main aim of contract learning is to make students learning centers in their own learning process rather than making teachers the center of learning. Therefore, the use of contract learning is to solve learning problems by reducing several differences between different learning groups. Learning contract aims at harmonizing learning environment for adults students with varied differences. Notably, learning institutions often receive learners from different backgrounds, interest, experiences, lifestyle, learning, and learning speeds as well as varied commitments. Thus, didactic teaching will aim at the middle (Knowles, Holton III, Swanson, 2012) will allow all these interests to be severed and catered for during the teaching process. This process often concentrates at the middle with the aim of pulling other ends. The lower end will be pulled towards the middle so that they are not left far behind while the upper end will be involved so that they are never bored during the leaning process. Therefore, the contract learning is a sure way of helping student meet their learning or educational needs on their own (Knowles, 1995). Developing learning contract need the teacher to have both cognitive and personal learning styles. Moreover, the teacher has diagnostic sense to enable personal learning and understanding of the teaching tools and needs of students Knowles, Holton III, Swanson, 2012. These tools enable the teacher to draw specific needs and objective of the contract learning process. Therefore, it is upon the teacher to formulated specific, clear, realistic, and understandable objectives of the contract learning. Knowles, M. S. (1995).  Designs for adult learning: Practical resources, exercises, and course outlines from the father of adult learning. Alexandria, VA: American Society for Training and Development

A Doll's House by Henrik Iben Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Doll's House by Henrik Iben - Essay Example Most of Henrik Ibsen’s plays revolve around the struggling of people for an authentic identity for themselves. The backdrop of this struggle is a tyrannical society in which individuals struggle between their duty towards themselves and towards their families and society in general. One such woman is our protagonist Nora who represents such women who are repressed by society. Nora’s husband is Torvald Helmer, who is a rather controlling type of individual and treats her as one of his responsibilities and he is the one that portrays her identity. Most women in those days were not educated and so were easily relegated into a corner and never came out to voice their opinion. In this deductive essay, we are going to make an investigation on the theme of identity and how it was reflected in ancient society. Women in the 19th century were expected to be the typical stereotype subservient housewife, but one would be surprised at the turn of events in Henrik Ibsen’s play . Nora Helmer, who is the chief protagonist of this play, has all the characteristics of this stereotype woman, who does not possess an identity of her own and hence is depicted as an oppressed individual who possesses an inauthentic identity because of the societal demands of those times. In the beginning Nora is seen responding to her husband’s teasing and does not seem to care about her doll- like existence and with no identity to call her own. In sharp contrast to Nora, we have the contemporary woman of today with a world of difference in their attitudes and reactions to such a situation. Modern women in our present society has her own identity because she has made herself so strong, powerful and full of confidence in all that she does. However, as the play progresses we find Nora shedding some of her inauthentic identity by playing a more specific role in the family. The author highlights various facets of her intelligent and courageous nature which is far from the †Å"silly girl† her husband made her out to be. One such incident that was highlighted was the loan she had taken to preserve her husband’s health after forging her father’s signature, which proved that she was quite intelligent and possessed qualities that were beyond mere wifehood. However, Nora was quite inexperienced in many ways and did not understand the ways of the world, because she always lived under the care of her father and later on her husband. This statement is very clear when she tells her husband Torvald in no uncertain terms that, "I've been your wife-doll here, just as at home I was Papa's doll-child."(1608) However, as the play progresses, we find a great change taking place as Nora emerges as a strong and confident individual who refuses to be a doll any longer and rejects the false union of marriage and the burden of motherhood. This image of Nora identifies with the image of today’s strong and confident women, who like to live life acco rding to their own terms and not remain a scapegoat to be targeted at all times. The changing phase of Nora, is further augmented when she connects once again with her childhood friend Mrs. Linde who suffers the loss of her mother and husband. Mrs. Linde was a very down to earth person whose life was a big struggle due to poverty. Her adherence to the norms of society provides a perfect foil to the impetuous nature of Nora. Linde is a perfect foil to Nora’s lively exuberance in addition to her feminist ideas which explode towards the end of the play. Mrs. Linde is an archetype of the woman of those days, whose qualities Michael Meyer has described as â€Å"stuffy Victorianisms. Kristine Linde is in fact a sharp contrast to

The Future of the Texas Political Ideology Assignment

The Future of the Texas Political Ideology - Assignment Example According to the essay findings, from the 17th century politics was influenced by English law. Later, the French revolution reshaped American politics. Now it is promoting an American liberal democratic culture with a mixture of both majority and minority communities. Every census since 1790 has seen a change in the racial composition of the country from the free male, free female, slaves to the current complex ethnic groups. Data on the current population indicates that ethnic diversity in the United States is rapidly growing. At present America consists of 75% white population but the census data predict the fact that the Anglo population, Asian population, and other minority population will increase very rapidly and it will contribute a major portion of the population in the near future. Hispanics are the fastest-growing minority, 90 percent of which is located in only ten states. It is observed that the political ideology of these groups will be a challenging factor for the futur e of Texas politics.  The economic and social infrastructure development of the country also has a great role in the future political situation of the country. Now, due to the advancement in the healthcare and improvements in the standards of life of the people, the mortality ratio of the population has decreased. The rapid increase in the aged population will be a challenging factor for every state and political Governance. It will result in the expansion of health care services, social security measures and public health services for the vast population. The productive age group will decrease and it will affect the economic growth of the country and accelerate the migration of labor forces from Asian countries.

Analysis of Phosphate Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Phosphate Essay The aim of the experiment is to determine the concentration of phosphate ions in unknown samples. A series of dilution of known concentration is performed from the phosphate working solution. Each of the prepared working standards, the unknown samples and the blank are then made to react with a mixed reagent which have been prepared after acid wash of the glasswares Glassware * 2 Beakers * 11 conical flasks * 9 Volumetric flasks 50 ml * 1 Volumetric flasks 1000 ml * Pipette type 1 Pipette 25 ml * Stir rod * 11cuvette * Spectrophotometer Chemical needs; hazards and safety precautions: 1. Sulphuric acid It is very hazardous in case of skin contact. It is classified as corrosive, irritant and permeator. Safety needs: Lab coats,safety goggles and gloves should be worn to minimize risk of contact. In case of: †¢Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention immediately. †¢Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately. †¢Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention. †¢Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately. 2. ammonium heptimolybdate Ammonium heptimolybdate e is harmful if swallowed or inhaled. It causes irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. It affects kidneys and blood Safety measures: Lab coats,safety goggles and gloves should be worn to minimize risk of contact. 3. Potassium antimonyl tartrate Slightly hazardous in case of ingestion. Non-corrosive for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin. 4. Ascorbic acid Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Safety measures: Lab coats, safety goggles and gloves should be worn to minimize risk of contact. 5. Hydrochloric acid Concentrated hydrochloric acid forms acidic mists. Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, with the potential to damage respiratory organs, eyes, skin, and intestines. The HCL should be used in a fume hood and personal protective equipment such as rubber or PVC gloves, protective eye goggles, and chemical-resistant clothing such as lab coats should be used to minimize risk when handling hydrochloric acid. Procedures and calculations. * All of the glassware’s to be used are to be washed with acid (HCL) and then with distilled water. * Nine standards, a blank and 2 random sample are going to be analysed. * Prepare a series of working standards in the range of 10-500 µg NO2-N/L * To 50 cm3 of each working standard and sample add 1. 0 cm3 of sulphanilamide, mix and stand for 2 minutes Calculations 1ml = 0. 5  µg of NO2- 1000 ml of solution contain = 10 ml of NO2- (100  µg) 50 ml of solution contain = 1 ml of NO2- (10  µg) SN| Volume of standardPHOSPHATE solution (s)| Volume ofwater| Concentration| Absorbance| 1. | 1. 0| 49| 10| 0. 003| 2. | 2. 0| 45| 50| 0. 035| 3. | 3. 0| 40| 100| 0. 058| 4. | 4. 0| 35| 150| 0. 074| 5. | 5. 0| 30| 200| 0. 099| Blank| 0| 50| 0| 0. 000| Sample A1| | 0. 022| Sample B1| | 0. 068| Result A Graph of absorbance (OD) against concentration ( µg). Using the equation (y=mx+b) to determine concentration of samples. Let Y equal the concentration. This is what will be solved for. Let X equal the absorbency of the sample. This is the absorbency measured by the spectrophotometer Allow â€Å"to equal the slope and b to equal the y-intercept y= 0. 019 x + 0. 947 Concentration of Sample 1 Absorbance of sample A1 = 0. 022 y= 0. 019 (0. 022) + 0. 947 = 0. 947 Concentration of unknown sample 2 Absorbance of sample B2 = 0. 068 y= 0. 019 (0. 068) + 0. 947 = 0. 948 Discussion The concentration phosphate ion in of samples D and E were determined In this experiment I determined the concentration of phosphate ion in samples D and E. These values were determined by obtaining data from solutions of known concentration. These solutions were placed in the spectrophotometer and then by plotting a graph of absorbance vs. concentration, an equation was produced from which the unknown concentration were determined Conclusion From the result of the experiment, it was determined that the relationship between concentration and absorbance is linear. The amount of light absorbed by a solution varies directly with solute concentration.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Causes, Signs and Treatments

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Causes, Signs and Treatments As a man matures, the prostate goes through two main periods of growth. The first occurs early in puberty, when the prostate doubles in size. Around of the age 25, the gland begins to grow again. This second growth phase often results, years later, in BPH. Though the prostate continues to grow during most of a mans life, the enlargement doesnt usually cause problems until late in life. BPH rarely causes symptoms before age 40, but more than half of men in their sixties and as many as 90 percent in their seventies and eighties have some symptoms of BPH. As the prostate enlarges, the layer of tissue surrounding it stops it from expanding, causing the gland to press against the urethra like a clamp on a garden hose. The bladder wall becomes irritable and thicker. The bladder begins to contract even when it contains small amounts of urine, causing more frequent urination. Eventually, the bladder weakens and loses the ability to empty itself. Urine remains in the bladder. The narrowing of the urethra and partial emptying of the bladder cause many of the problems associated with BPH. Prostate enlargement is as common a part of aging as gray hair. As life expectancy rises, so does the occurrence of BPH (NucleusMedicalMedia, 2013). Clinical Findings Most men with BPH complain of symptoms of the lower urinary tract. Doctors should ascertain whether the symptoms are really caused by BPH or by another pathology. In the assessment, distinction needs to be made between obligatory and optional investigations which follow in the cases where diagnostic uncertainties persist after the basic examination (Dr. med. Matthias Oelke, 2013). Obligatory Examinations Patient history: A family history of prostatic disease and prostatic cancer, a history of lower urinary tract disease such as bladder stones, cystoscopic examination, transurethral surgery, and systemic disease and a history of alpha-blockers, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, antimuscarinics, or neurological medications should be recorded (Dr Hann Chorng Kuo, 2008). In addition to the general and neurourological history, a detailed history with regard to micturition should be taken. In the micturition history, obstructive and irritative symptoms are elicited and possibly quantified (Table 1). The history should also clarify whether drugs are being taken that might affect the functioning of the lower urinary tract (Dr. med. Matthias Oelke, 2013). Symptom and quality of life questionnaires: The frequency and extent of symptoms can be quantified by using a questionnaire, and changes during therapy can thus be documented. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) is the most commonly used questionnaire (Table 2). The first 7 questions capture the frequency of symptoms of the lower urinary tract within the preceding 4 weeks, the 8th question the extent to which the patients quality of life is compromised. The symptom score is obtained by adding up the answers to questions 1 to 7 and will be a number between 0 and 35 (Dr. med. Matthias Oelke, 2013). On the basis of this score, the symptoms can be classed as mild (IPSS score 0-7), moderate (IPSS score 8-19), or severe (IPSS score 20-35) as shown in the Table 3. Physical Examination: Patients should be examined systemically and locally. Examination of the abdomen includes checking for a palpable bladder. This may indicate chronic outflow obstruction or a neurogenic bladder. The presence of an abdominal scar, a palpable, distended bladder and genital lesions should be carefully examined. Obviously, any further abnormalities require a full neurological history and examination. In addition to a general physical examination, the patients neurourological status should be assessed. This provides information on the anal sphincter muscle tone and the sensorimotor state of the lower extremities, the perineum, and the genitals. During the basic neurological examination, the reflex pathways of the lower extremities should also be assessed (Table 3), to enable conclusions about the functional fitness of the neural pathways in the bladder and the bladder sphincter (Dr. med. Matthias Oelke, 2013). A digital rectal examination (DRE) of prostatic consistency, prostatic size, surface and abnormal nodularity should be carefully done. It includes noting the tone of the anal sphincter and the pelvic floor (Diagram 2.2.1A). It may be poor with a neurogenic bladder. Urologists report their findings in terms of the size of the prostate, a normal gland in a young adult weighing about 20 g. A useful guide for those less familiar with prostates is that a fingers breadth represents about 15 to 20 g and so a gland that is three fingers in breadth across is 45 to 60 g. Symptoms are unusual below two fingers in breadth. It is also important to note the texture and contour of the gland. It should be firm but not hard, and smooth without nodules. The median sulcus should be clearly defined. A gland that is hard rather than firm, nodular and lacks a clear median sulcus suggests carcinoma of prostate (Dr Laurence Knott, 2012). Compared with transrectal ultrasonography, the prostate volume is usua lly underestimated by 10 to 20% on digital rectal examination (Dr. med. Matthias Oelke, 2013). A Digital rectal exam (DRE) is done to assess the prostate size and shape. After putting on a lubricated glove, the physician gently inserts a finger through the anus into the rectum and assesses the size and hardness of the prostate gland. Laboratory tests: Urine test (urinalysis). When a patient complains of urethral symptoms (micturition pain, burning sensation) a urinalysis should be performed (Dr Hann Chorng Kuo, 2008). Analyzing a sample of the urine in the laboratory can help rule out an infection or other conditions that can cause similar symptoms (MayoClinic, 2011). When the urinalysis shows a miscroscopic hematuria or pyuria, a KUB radiograpgh should be done to investigate whether there are bladder or lower ureteral stone. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels should be investigated when chronic urinary retention is noted (Dr Hann Chorng Kuo, 2008). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test. The prostatic specific antigen (PSA) level is indicated in all patients with an enlarged prostate or abnormal DRE findings (Dr Hann Chorng Kuo, 2008). Its normal for the prostate gland to produce PSA, which helps liquefy semen. PSA levels increase with an enlarged prostate. However, PSA levels can also be elevated due to prostate cancer, recent tests, surgery or infection (prostatitis) (MayoClinic, 2011). Men with high PSA levels have a higher risk of future growth of the prostate, symptom and flow rate deterioration, acute urinary retention and BPH-related surgery. BPH levels increase with age and approximately 25% of men with BPH have a PSA of >4ng/ml. PSA testing is more appropriate for patients whose future natural life span is likely to be more than 10 years (Dr Hann Chorng Kuo, 2008). Uroflowmetry. It is a dynamic test that measures the volume of urine released from the body, the speed with which it is released, and how long the release takes. Both average and maximum flow rates can be measured (U.S National Library of Medicine, 2012). As shown in the Diagram 2.2.1B and Graph 2.2.1A, the patient will be asked to urinate into a funnel connected to the electronic uroflowmeter, which records and translates the urine flow into a graph which gives a good indication of the degree of bladder blockage (Chin Chong Min Urology Robotic Surgery Centre, 2013). The peak flow rate, also known as Qmax is generally used as the basis for determining the severity of any blockage or obstruction. Low flow may indicate such conditions as obstruction of the urethra, enlarged prostate or poor bladder function (UrologyCare, 2011). This technique, which is used to detect an obstruction of the  urethra and  bladder neck, is widely used in the diagnosis of BPH (EhealthMD, 2012). A Qmax value over 15 mL/s is usually considered normal. A Qmax below 7 mL/s is accepted as low. Results can vary according to effort and volume and so the usual compromise is to obtain at least two readings with at least 150 mL of urine each time (Dr Laurence Knott, 2012). Postvoid residual urine: One of the important subjects of tests for urinary incontinence is the postvoid residual urine volume (PVR), the amount of urine left after urination. Normally, about 50 mL or less of urine is left; more than 200 mL is a definite sign of abnormalities. Measurements in between require further tests. This test is done using  ultrasonography  or it can also be done with a small tube (catheter), being put into the bladder through the urethra. By using the transabdominal ultrasonography, it uses a device placed over the abdomen. It can give an accurate measure of postvoid residual urine and is less invasive and expensive than transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) (UrologyCare, 2012). Postvoid residual urine can occur in bladder outlet obstruction in BHP, but also in other forms of bladder outlet obstruction or detrusor underactivity. (Dr. med. Matthias Oelke, 2013). Urosonography: The bladder and kidneys should be examined in every patient. Since a raised serum creatinine concentration occurs only after about 50% of nephrons have failed, an ultrasound investigation of the kidneys can diagnose upper urinary tract dilatation even in the absence of raised creatinine. Since bladder outlet obstruction results in compensatory hypertrophy of the detrusor muscle, ultrasound measurements of the detrusor thickness when the bladder contains at least 250 ml urine can be used as an additional variable in assessing the degree of obstruction. A detrusor wall thickness of †°Ã‚ ¥ 2 mm indicates a bladder outlet obstruction with 95% certainty (Dr. med. Matthias Oelke, 2013). Optional Examinations TRUS: Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) can determine the volume of the prostate more precisely than transabdominal volumetry, the methods differ by about 10%. Only TRUS can visualize and assess the zonal anatomy of the prostate (Dr. med. Matthias Oelke, 2013). Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) uses a rectal probe for assessing the prostate. TRUS is significantly the most accurate method for determining prostate volume. It can sometimes detect cancer (UrologyCare, 2012). Urodynamic studies and pressure flow studies.  With these procedures, a catheter is threaded through your urethra into your bladder. Water is slowly injected into your bladder. This allows doctor to measure bladder pressures and to determine how well your bladder muscles are working (MayoClinic, 2011). These should be used only if standard diagnostic tests have not been able to assess the degree of obstruction. (Dr. med. Matthias Oelke, 2013). Cystoscopy.  Also called urethrocystoscopy, may be performed in men diagnosed with BPH, particularly if they are surgical candidates or if other urinary tract problems are suspected (Chin Chong Min Urology Robotic Surgery Centre, 2013). This procedure allows your doctor to see inside your urethra and bladder. After you receive a local anesthetic, a lighted flexible telescope (cystoscope) is inserted into your urethra to look for signs of problems as shown in the Diagram 2.2.2A (MayoClinic, 2011). Intravenous pyelogram or CT urogram.  These tests can help detect urinary tract stones, tumors or blockages above the bladder. First, dye is injected into a vein, and X-rays or CT scans are taken of your kidneys, bladder and the tubes that connect your kidneys to your bladder (ureters). The dye helps outline the drainage systems of the kidneys (MayoClinic, 2011). Etiology of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia The actual cause of prostate enlargement is unknown.  However, most urologists agree that age is most definitely a factor in the development of an enlarged prostate (ProstateHealthGuide, 2012). Several theories have been proposed to explain benign cell growth in older men (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2009). Benign prostatic hyperplasia is probably a normal part of the aging process in men, caused by changes in hormone balance and in cell growth (Healthwise, 2012). Hormonal Changes Male Hormones.  Androgens (male hormones) most likely play a role in prostate growth. The most important androgen is  testosterone, which is produced in the testes throughout a mans lifetime. The prostate converts testosterone to a more powerful androgen,  dihydrotestosterone  (DHT). DHT stimulates cell growth in the tissue that lines the prostate gland (the glandular epithelium) and is the major cause of the rapid prostate enlargement that occurs between puberty and young adulthood. DHT is a prime suspect in prostate enlargement in later adulthood (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2009). Female Hormones.  The female hormone estrogen may also play a role in BPH. (Some estrogen is always present in men.) As men age, testosterone levels drop, and the proportion of estrogen increases, possibly triggering prostate growth (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2009). Late Activation of Cell Growth Another theory focuses on cells in a certain section of the gland that may become active late in life, signaling other prostate cells to replicate or causing them to be sensitive to growth-stimulating hormones (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2009). The incidence of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia Interest in alternative treatments for BPH increased after epidemiologic studies showed a lower incidence of BPH and prostate cancer in Asians compared with persons from Western countries.   The incidence of BPH is also low in vegetarian men. It is an interesting finding that BPH incidence is lower in Asian countries than in Western countries whereas Asian immigrants in the United States have the same incidence of clinical BPH as their white American counterparts. It is also to note that the lower incidence of clinical BPH of Asian men increases in immigrant generations after they have started to live in North America. One postulated explanation is the higher soy content of the typical Asian diet. Genistein, a major isoflavone ingredient of tofu, has been found to decrease the growth of hyperplastic prostate tissue in histoculture. Dietary factors are accused to explain this phenomenon since Asian people consume low-fat, high-fiber diets than Western people. In different series, it was shown that high energy and animal product diet increase the risk of BPH while fruit and vegetable based diet has a protective effect against BPH (Dr Praveen R, 2008). The incidence of BPH is 34.4 per 1,000 persons per year in the U.S. in men over age 55. The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to BPH in the U.S. population is 41% in black men and 34% in white men. The prevalence of BPH increases with age. Histologic BPH is present in approximately 8% of men aged 31 to 40, 50% of men aged 51 to 60, 70% of men aged 61 to 70, and 90% of men aged 81 to 90. Correspondingly, symptomatic (clinical) BPH is present in approximately 26% of men in the fifth decade of life, 33% of men in the sixth decade, 41% of men in the seventh decade, and 46% of men in the eighth decade of life and beyond (Elsevier, 2012). Mortality and Morbidity Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem among older men, and is responsible for considerable disability. However, it is an infrequent cause of death. According to the World Health Organization database, the mortality rates for most developed countries in the 1980s were 0.5 to 1.5/100,000. Death from BPH is rare in the United States. The large number of men with the symptoms of this disorder, the easy access to diagnostic tests, and the availability of drug therapy make it appropriate for the primary care provider to participate in the management of men with this disorder (Wolters Kluwer Health, 2012). BPH associated mortality is rare and serious complications are uncommon (Dr. Dan Van Syoc, 2010). Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common cause of morbidity among older men, (Annual Reviews, 2013) causing morbidity primarily through lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The primary physician should attempt to distinguish LUTS due to BPH from the other causes of such symptoms, objectively determine symptom severity, and, when the symptoms are bothersome enough, work with the patient on a therapeutic approach to reducing symptoms while minimizing side effects (Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2009). Surgery  consists of various approaches that resect or ablate prostate tissue.   While effective in expanding the urethral lumen and relieving symptoms, tissue resection or ablation also contributes to significant morbidity (NeoTract, 2011). However, because of the morbidity associated with the surgical treatment of this condition, alternative treatments are being developed and are coming into increasing use (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2011). Histopathology Microscopically, the prostate consists of glandular epithelium and fibromuscular stroma elements. Smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells are in the stroma and the epithelial cells are secretory cells, basal cells and neuroendocrine cells (Diagram 2.6A) (Mark Frydenberg, Nathan Lawrentschuk, 2012). Both the glandular epithelial cells and the stromal cells (including muscular fibers) undergo hyperplasia in BPH. Most sources agree that of the two tissues, stromal hyperplasia predominates, but the exact ratio of the two is unclear (Wikipedia, 2013). The columnar secretory cells are tall with pale to clear cytoplasm. These cells stain positively with prostate specific antigen. Basal cells are less differentiated than secretory cells and so are devoid of secretory products such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Finally, neuroendocrine cells are irregularly distributed throughout ducts and acini, with a greater proportion in the ducts .The prostate has the greatest number of neuroendocrine cells of any of the genitourinary organs. Glands are structured with open and closed cell types with the open type facing the inside of the duct having a monitoring role over its contents. Most cells contain serotonin but other peptides present include somatostatin, calcitonin, gene-related peptides and katacalcin. The cells co-express PSA and prostatic acid phosphatase. Their function is unclear but it is speculated that these cells are involved with local regulation by paracrine release of peptides. Prostatic ducts and acini are distinguished by architectural pattern at low power magnification. The prostate becomes more complex with ducts and branching glands arranged in lobules and surrounded by stroma with advancing age (Mark Frydenberg, Nathan Lawrentschuk, 2012). Pathophysiology Prostatic enlargement depends on the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In the prostate gland, type II 5-alpha-reductase metabolizes circulating testosterone into DHT, which works locally, not systemically. DHT binds to androgen receptors in the cell nuclei, potentially resulting in BPH. In vitro studies have shown that large numbers of alpha-1-adrenergic receptors are located in the smooth muscle of the stroma and capsule of the prostate, as well as in the bladder neck. Stimulation of these receptors causes an increase in smooth-muscle tone, which can worsen LUTS. Conversely, blockade of these receptors (see Treatment and Management) can reversibly relax these muscles, with subsequent relief of LUTS. Microscopically, BPH is characterized as a hyperplastic process. The hyperplasia results in enlargement of the prostate that may restrict the flow of urine from the bladder, resulting in clinical manifestations of BPH. The prostate enlarges with age in a hormonally dependent manner. Therefore, castrated males (ie, who are unable to make testosterone) do not develop BPH. The traditional theory behind BPH is that, as the prostate enlarges, the surrounding capsule prevents it from radially expanding, potentially resulting in urethral compression. However, obstruction-induced bladder dysfunction contributes significantly to LUTS. The bladder wall becomes thickened, trabeculated, and irritable when it is forced to hypertrophy and increase its own contractile force. With the increased sensitivity (detrusor overactivity [DO]), even with small volumes of urine in the bladder, is believed to contribute to urinary frequency and LUTS. The bladder may gradually weaken and lose the ability to empty completely, leading to increased residual urine volume and, possibly, acute or chronic urinary retention. 25In the bladder, obstruction leads to smooth-muscle-cell hypertrophy. Biopsy specimens of trabeculated bladders demonstrate evidence of scarce smooth-muscle fibers with an increase in collagen. The collagen fibers limit compliance, leading to higher bladder pressures upon filling. In addition, their presence limits shortening of adjacent smooth muscle cells, leading to impaired emptying and the development of residual urine. Signs and Symptoms     When symptoms (known as lower urinary tract symptoms, or LUTS) occur, they may range from mild and barely noticeable to serious and disruptive. The amount of prostate enlargement not always related to the severity of the symptoms. Some men with only slight enlargement have serious symptoms, and some men with a great deal of enlargement have few symptoms (WebMD, 2010). The signs and symptoms of BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) can vary, but usually involve changes or problems with urination (eMedTV, September 2008). According to eMedTV, the following are the most common symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Leaking or dribbling of urine More frequent urination, especially at night A strong or sudden urge to urinate Urine retention inability to urinate A hesitant, interrupted, weak stream of urine Trouble starting a urine stream or making more than a dribble Feeling that the bladder has not fully emptied Stopping and starting again several times while passing urine At their worst, common BPH symptoms can lead to severe symptoms such as: A weak bladder Backflow of urine causing bladder or kidney infections Complete block in the flow of urine Kidney failure. Symptoms can be quantitated by scores, such as the 7-question American Urological Association Symptom Score in Table 2.   As shown in Table 3, this score also allows doctors to monitor symptom progression from mild to severe. Sometimes these symptoms can reduce the quality of life to such a great extent that those affected build their daily routines around the condition. They avoid drinking or plan their errands around easy access to toilet facilities. If BPH is not treated, it holds considerable risks (Roehrborn CG, McConnell JD, et al. 2010).

The Place of Morality and Government in Low Value Product Development :: Economics Economy Business Papers

The Place of Morality and Government in Low Value Product Development A company is fundamentally in business to make money. There are many so called "low value products" that could prove extremely beneficial to a large number of people, but are not likely to be profitable from an economic point of view. This situation creates a complex problem that incorporates economics, morality, private industry, individuals and government. It is always interesting and difficult when big business, government and ethics are thrown together, and this problem is no exception. First, it needs to be established whether the low value product the company is considering developing might not turn a profit, or if it definitely will not be profitable. If there is a reasonable hope that the product is at least a break-even proposition, the company is much more apt to consider it than if it is certainly going to result in the loss of money. All of this, including the moral aspects of the question, has to be understood within the context of economics. A company is simply not going to do something out of the good of "its" heart, just because it is "the right thing to do". A company must be convinced that by investing their time and money into a certain product's development, they will directly or indirectly profit from it. Thus, all incentives aimed at getting a private company to bring a product to market that will benefit the public, must in some way benefit the company. There is certainly a moral obligation for developed countries to at least attempt to assist those of the third world, but the burden may not lie with private industry. Before turning to the issue of how to get private industry to invest in low value products, the role of government needs to be explored. The government's role as a provider of incentives will be explored later, but it's also necessary to look at the possibility of government acting as the lone low value product developer, leaving private business out of it. This can be broken down even further: the governments of underdeveloped and developed countries providing for their own people, or the governments of developed countries providing for the common good of all countries. A government is set-up fundamentally to act for the common good of that nation's people. Thus, the government of a country, whether developed or third world, has a moral obligation to do everything in its power to provide for its people, including prov iding research funding for the development of these low value products.

Is It the Author, or His Content? Essay examples -- Orson Scott Cards

Orson Scott Card’s novel, Ender’s Game, has been the most popular science fiction novel since its release is 1985. While the book is essentially a fantasy, it contains a lot of scientific and philosophical information that are both manifest and latent. The issue that critics argue over may not necessarily refer to the plot of the book, but rather to its moral dynamics. In this literary analysis, we will analyze Ender and his sibling’s relationship by referencing the Personality Development theory, and the history of many historic biblical saints. But first, the author himself will be analyzed in order to understand what influenced him to write such a popular book. As an author, professor, columnist, and political activist, Orson Scott Card possesses a well-rounded and immense amount of talent. He has been awarded the Hugo and Nebula awards for his outstanding work in Ender’s Game and its sequel, Speaker for the Dead ("About†). But as one may know, his literary legacy did not conform overnight. As a child, Card showed many different interests that ranged from reading books about the French revolution to playing the French horn in his schools marching band. While in school, he often soaked in in new information that was presented to him. During junior high, Card had his first acquaintance with mock political bates and Greek literature from authors such as â€Å"Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, Plutarch, and many other writers of the ancient world† (â€Å"About†). Today, much of Card’s interests as a child still coincide with his interests as an adult, and typically can be found in most of his literary work. Card once w rote that â€Å"there is always moral instructions whether the writer inserts it deliberately or not†¦ but when [he] write[s] without deli... ...aks for itself. Works Cited "About Orson Scott Card." About Orson Scott Card. Hatrack River Enterprises Inc., n.d. Web. 09 May 2014. Card, Orson Scott. Ender's Game. New York: Tor, 1991. Print. Kessel, John. â€Å"Creating the Innocent Killer: Ender’s Game, Intention, and Morality.† Foundastion, the International Review of Science Fiction. 90th ed. Vol. 33. N.p.: n.p., 2004. N. pag. Myers, David G., Richard O. Straub, and Thomas Ludwig. "Personality." Psychology. 8th ed. New York: Worth, 2007. 598. Print. O'Connor, Daniel William. "The Man and His Position among the Disciples." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 10 May 2014. Reiter, Geoffrey. â€Å"’Ender’s Game,’ Genocide, and Moral Culpability.† patheos.com. Patheos, 8 Nov. 2013. Web. 21 Apr. 2014 "St. Valentine Beheaded." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 10 May 2014.

Freed Blacks rights after the Civil War Essay -- essays papers

Freed Blacks rights after the Civil War During the year of 1865, after the North’s victory in the Civil War, the Republican Party began to pass national legislation in order to secure free blacks’ rights. Through the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the constitution, the republicans tried to protect and establish black freedoms. At the same time southern state legislators were passing laws to restrict free blacks’ freedoms. Through the use of black codes and vagrancy laws, the south attempted to keep blacks in a state of slavery. These laws were worded in a way such that blacks rights would be so restricted that it would remain impossible for them to gain any real freedom. In one Mississippi black code, the law allowed for blacks to own personal property, but stipulated that free blacks could only rent or lease land, or tenements, within the city limits. This prevented blacks from owning their own farms outside the city. The law was very apparently contradictory to itself in the fact that it stated blacks could own property â€Å"to the same extent that white persons may,† but then set the restrictions on renting and leasing land which only blacks were confined to. The law also required that blacks have a â€Å"lawful home or employment.† This, combined with the previous restrictions on renting and leasing land and housing, ensured that whites would retain control over where Negroes could live. By requiring them to have a home, and then restricting them to renting ... Freed Blacks rights after the Civil War Essay -- essays papers Freed Blacks rights after the Civil War During the year of 1865, after the North’s victory in the Civil War, the Republican Party began to pass national legislation in order to secure free blacks’ rights. Through the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the constitution, the republicans tried to protect and establish black freedoms. At the same time southern state legislators were passing laws to restrict free blacks’ freedoms. Through the use of black codes and vagrancy laws, the south attempted to keep blacks in a state of slavery. These laws were worded in a way such that blacks rights would be so restricted that it would remain impossible for them to gain any real freedom. In one Mississippi black code, the law allowed for blacks to own personal property, but stipulated that free blacks could only rent or lease land, or tenements, within the city limits. This prevented blacks from owning their own farms outside the city. The law was very apparently contradictory to itself in the fact that it stated blacks could own property â€Å"to the same extent that white persons may,† but then set the restrictions on renting and leasing land which only blacks were confined to. The law also required that blacks have a â€Å"lawful home or employment.† This, combined with the previous restrictions on renting and leasing land and housing, ensured that whites would retain control over where Negroes could live. By requiring them to have a home, and then restricting them to renting ...

A Man S Best Friend

The people of this time adopted orphaned wolf pup and nursed them Shoemaker 2 with small children and babies. Once generations of these tamed wolves star Ted to breed more domesticated versions followed, eventually giving way to more dog like attire tutees. These dogs proved loyal companions in many ways: participating in hunting rituals, create nag strong companionship with its owner, and protecting the community it was raised in [parallel structure]. As the population of humans started dispersing around the globe, many varieties of dog breeds followed suit. Depending on the area, many breeds were specialize De to perform a specific role.Breeds such as Beagles and Dachshunds were bred specifically f or hunting, with breeds such as Australian Sheppard and Border Collies for herding. Whatever the task, all dogs showed infinite amounts of companionship, which entitled them to the phrase e â€Å"man's best friend. † Although today dogs are usually found in homes, they've never lo st the e love and companionship they share for their owner, which is why fortresses percent of all households in the U. S. Own at least one. Dogs create an atmosphere of love, loyalty, and co impassion, earning their name, and the phrase in which we all know them by.The emotional attachment that dogs have to their owners IS unmatched by an y other animal. Dogs do not judge their owner, or hold a grudge. Canines, unlike the r species, forgive and forget quickly, which is evident by their ancestors. Wolf packs resolve disc agreements instantaneously, and move on. Since an owner is all that a dog has, they pick up on nonverbal clues which would be unattainable to a stranger, or even a family member. H unmans come In contact with so many people during the day that they've forgotten this useful tool, but their canine hasn't.Each day when they get home the dog is waiting for them, as h app as the day before to greet them. Dogs help their owners unwind and relieve stress. This resolves iss ues and tension that humans build up in the struggle of everyday life. Playing and intent reacting with dogs Shoemaker 3 leads to increased levels of extinction, a stress relieving hormone, while decree sing cortical, a stress inducing hormone. â€Å"both pet ownership and social support are significant ant predictors of survival, independent of the effects of the other psychosocial factors and pay ecologic status† (Marathons), confirmed heart disease researchers whom researched this theory .Socializing with a go not only reduces the effects of aging, such as a heart attack or stroke, but also enhances the longevity of the owner. An Arizona school principle that has merged learning with canines evokes, â€Å"You can always talk to a dog, and the dogs not going to judge you† ( Marathons). This phrase is why many dog owners mourn so dramatically when they lose their c Annie counterpart, because they didn't just lose a pet, but a best friend. The willingness of a dog t o just sit and listen, while the owner weeps, laughs, or yells, gives the owner a place to vent, just as a friend or family member.The canines compassion is the owners Achilles' heel [allusion The life of a dog experiences many of the things its owner does as well, which creates a boo ND almost unbreakable by any occurrence. These experiences create a profound relation unships with the owner, as strong as a family member, because Of the sheer amount Of joy the dog brings into its handler. The dog loves them the same, even after getting laid off, being poor, or having a bad day [parallel structure].Each day when the owner comes home, they know the e dog will be there, happy to have them in their life – and that's why the dog is a man's best friend. There's also a scientific reason why dogs are known as man's best friend. A H Nigerian team of scientists recently discovered that dogs are very similar to humans w hen it comes to vocal recognition. ‘†Crucially, dog brain s respond to acoustic cues of emotion I n the same way as people',† said Tail Antics, the head of the research team. ‘Our findings us gets that they also use similar brain mechanisms to process social information. This may us port the Shoemaker 4 successfulness of vocal communication between the species†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (Spencer). T his is why dogs not only know when we are mad, but also when we are depressed, sad, or disc Aragua. Dogs hear the tonal patterns in our voices and react to them. When a person is sad, dog s hear this and come to comfort their owner. Using the human and dog brain waves, researchers et Steed the subjects on various noises.These included various types of emotional noises; crying, pain full whimpering, playful laughing, and merciful yelling. The results concluded that human and t heir canine counterparts have similar voice areas in the brain. Another experiment by sic entities at Emory University in Georgia, show that dogs do not simply just want th e food the owe nerds provide, they want the affection and praise. These scientists used Emir's to inspect the brain of dogs during several tests. The scientists raised there hands to show the dogs they would b e receiving positive reinforcement (a treat).The researchers proved that a part of the brain called the caudate nucleus, responsible for positive emotion, was congruent in canines and humans. This strengthens the idea that dogs really do love their owner for more then just the extra incentive sees they provide, they want the same things that humans want, companionship and loyalty. The experiments prove not only that dogs show genuine love for their owners, but also that the musicianship between owner and dog are equivalent. The anatomical similarities in the brain NSA of dogs and humans show that the way humans feel about dogs are also reciprocated.Do g's are truly man's best friend and the science behind the phrase proves it. The lineage of the domesticated canines revolves a round thousands of years of domesticating and specialized breeding; however the dog has proven a loyal c maroon throughout them all. Dogs are a common occurrence in everyday households, and every person that owns one knows the impact they have on the lives of the handlers they a effect. Dogs pour all Shoemaker 5 f their loyalty, compassion, and efforts into their owner, a trait the world woo old be lucky to attain.

Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” and Abraham lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address” Essay

Of the great oral presentations this world has seen, many of them serve as an outlet for individuals to articulate their ideals and beliefs to a greater audience. The way in which great speakers such as Martin Luther King Jr and Abraham Lincoln do this is through speech elements such as rhetoric, language techniques, successful structure and also establishing a relationship with their audience. The speeches I have a Dream, and The Gettysburg Address [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMMzY1KJVeo], although performed to entirely different audiences in different contexts, share similar values and qualities. In order to gain a complete understanding of the distinctive qualities of the speeches we must first look at the context in which they were written. On August the 28th 1963, Martin Luther King Jr stood before a congregation of over 200,000 people in front of the Lincoln Memorial. It was on this day that King delivered his testimony to mankind in an effort to end black segregation within America. Despite strong opposition from the Kennedy Administration, King and his contemporaries continued with the civil rights march. Standing on the same spot as Lincoln did five score years ago, King preached similar themes of justice, equality and freedom for man. Lincolns speech came as a eulogy to those lost at the battle of Gettysburg. At the time America was at civil war and the restless crowd was desperate for inspiration from their President. He was speaking last to a crowd of 15-20,000 Northerners to honour the dead and encourage them to keep fighting the war. The context of each address has a profound impact upon their purpose and qualities. One distinct quality of Lincolns speech is that it was structured chronologically with each of the three separate paragraphs entailing the past, present and future. The lengths of the paragraphs can also be noted as a distinct quality of the Gettysburg Address, the first paragraph is quite small followed by progressive lengthening of the second and final paragraph.  This is an instrument used by Lincoln to build up his audiences attention to the climatic end to his speech where he outlines what is required for the future. This can be compared to Kings structural approach, where he uses a ladder technique to configure his points in order of ascending importance. Once again ending strongly with the line: Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty we are free at last!. Rhetoric is often defined as the art of using language so as to persuade or influence others. From this we can deduce that it is a critical element of any effective speech. Certainly I have a dream and The Gettysburg Address contain powerful rhetoric techniques used to further communicate the ideas of King and Lincoln. Kings speech is based heavily around repetition. He uses this in the lines, One hundred years later, I have a dream and Let freedom ring. All repeated to gain suspense from the audience as well as emphasising his themes of equality and justice. King says them with such authority and power to further drive home the importance of these themes. Using his voice to create a sense of urgency about the issue. King also uses biblical allusion such as Gods Children and Psalm 23: Rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. This reflects his role as a Priest as well as giving evidence of Gods want of justice. The biblical allusions also give a sense of unity amongst the audience. Establishing a rapport with your audience is central to communicating your ideas in a speech, both King and Lincoln do this exceptionally. Using inclusive language such as the words we and us, Lincoln especially is able to establish an equality throughout his audience with the common purpose of freedom and victory. In his eulogy, Lincoln uses the line for those who gave their lives that the nation might live which again utilises the audiences patriotism to articulate his ideas through personification. By referring to both Lincolns Emancipation Declaration and The Declaration of Independence he was able to strongly back up his argument and appeal to the nations Patriotism as well as give historical evidence to the slow progress of equality in America. This would have a great effect on the proud Americans in his audience because a rejection of Kings values would ultimately mean for them a rejection of Americas traditional values. Without proper delivery, these two speeches wouldve been overlooked in value and would not have had the great effect they did. I believe the values implied in both texts justified by both the context and the rhetoric. Upon reaching conclusion, one realises that if not for great speakers and use of rhetoric, the ideas of significant historical figures could not be presented as well, as thus couldnt have the desired effect. Martin Luther King Jr and Abraham Lincoln were examples of this, men who, by use of manipulation of language and audience, changed the world. Bibliography 2008 Dictionary.com Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. Accessed: 08/06/08-09/06/08.

An Ode Poem

An Ode Poem Adam Smith ENG 125 Prof. McFarland January 17, 2012 For my assignment this week I chose to write about is A Morning Song by Eleanor Farjeon. This poem is in the form of an ode which is also another form for a Lyric poetry. â€Å"Odes are imaginative, expressed with a meditative, intellectual tone, but do not have a prescribed pattern† (Clugston, 2010). I chose this poem because it was not only written well. It is sort of like the poetry I write. I want to describe this poem in my own words, because it is beautiful and heartwarming. One of the elements of this poem that I liked was the content of the poem. This particular poem had a lot of content in it but the main one was morning. It was a poem about the beginning of the day everything that deals with the morning. Like the dew on the grass, or the smell of the fresh air. It told of how a very sunny bright morning would like through the eyes of the lord and how the bird spoke and everything. Another element of the poem I like is the form in which it is written. Rhyming in poetry is pretty common in most poems. A† rhyme is a similarity in the sound of stressed syllables in words at the end of lines of poetry† (Clugston, 2010). The rhyming form is this poem is that of an ABAB style form. In other words the words at the ends of lines 1 and 3 are the same and the ones at the ends of 2 and 4 are the same. Another element I loved was the theme of the poem. After reading several times it was clear that the theme was morning time and everything that has to with it being morning. To me the theme was set in the first line of the poem. â€Å"Morning has broken, like the first morning† ( Farjeon,1957). That right there is what I think set the theme and or tone for this well written poem. These three elements here help me understand the poem and what it was really about. It took me several times to read this poem. Once I read a several time I got what it meant and how the poet wanted me as the reader to comprehend it. It was a very beautiful poem in its own way. These elements didn’t affect my opinion or my reaction to this poem. I think that they helped me more to understand it better. The elements that I wrote about were more for me as the reader to not only understanding the poem, but made it easier to read. They really didn’t cause me to focus one just one thing. Like I said earlier I had to read it several times so I eventually looked over everything in the poem. The wording and the way the poem was written was exceptionally brilliant in its own way. In conclusion this is probably one of the most beautiful poems I have ever read. I have read a lot of poems in my life and written them as well. This poem is what we at poets call and Ode which means it’s sort of lyrical in a sense. I hope I did this paper well and it was an honor to write about the poem. References: Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Farjeon, E. (1957). A morning song. In Children's bells. Oxford, UK: Oxford Uni–versity Press.

Advabtages and disadvantages of electronic media Essay

Electronic Medla Is a rich resource of services, supplies, creative and Innovative solutions to everyday domestic and professional demands. We are living in the era of electronic media. None can avoid and escape from it. It is prevailing profound effects on advertisement, education, information, politics and other social activities. If we look around us what is there that is impossible to? It is none other than this electronic media that has made our life far more comfortable and luxurious. Obviously this enhancement in technology would have its banes and boons as well. As far as the advantages of this advancement Is concerned so they are outnumbered. Electronic media has granted us with television, radio, computers, laptops, palmtops, mobiles and many more facilitating types of equipment. Electronic media has not only benefitted us In single field but It has Its advantages In various fields. Education has become far more convenient today as printers, projectors, laptops and Internet has provided a vast opportunity to get as much knowledge as one can. Now students have a great opportunity to enhance their knowledge through accessing internet. All he information in all topics is far beyond one touch of a button. Teaching is made more understandable by using projectors CD’s or DVD’s through this student develops more interest in class lectures. Learning through internet is also quite helpful you can play the video or read the page again till you are able catch it. Electronic media has entirely changed the mode of advertisement. Different attractive and colourful policies are made to encourage the customer to buy the product. Furthermore, It gives extensive options In selecting the desired product. Electronic media has revolutionized the Information system. Now everyone can be aware himself with current Information and updates. So many TV channels In the country and Internet websites Justify the Importance and advantages of electronic media where everyone has a freedom to exchange his view point freely. You are bored then you have a great variety to provide u a source of entertainment one can play on laptops, computers, etc or watch TV or can use social network. This social network is also one of a great source of electronic media it not only connects us to several peoples but also helps in advertising or much social and political news are also conveyed to us. The international politics are greatly influenced by the electronic media. Notnlng In tnls world Is Ideal or perTect tnereTore wnen tnls Destowment 0T science has provided us with its advantages it surely has several disadvantages in it as well. No doubt it’s a source of entertainment but people are rather waisting a lot of their precious time through this. Internet the greatest help of us today is also a good help to huge number of frauds and theft on internet. One’s personal account can be hacked and their personal details can be viewed which is obviously dangerous and ofcourse no one would want that to happen with them. Research evidence has accumulated over the past half-century that exposure to violence on television, movies, and most recently in video games increases the risk of violent behavior on the viewer’s part Just as growing up in an environment filled with real violence increases the risk of violent behavior. Furthermore there is huge amount of contents of vulgarity either in form of such vulgar games or in form of such software, CD’s or websites which can lead to crimes and bad mentality of our young generation. Another aspect of its disadvantages is that equipments are really expensive to buy nd even if one affords to buy it is again difficult and expensive to maintain. It is a media through which the West propagates against Islam and other opponents. If education is being revolutionize then the authorities would surely charge good amount of fees which will restrict a poor man to give his children this modern education as a result poor or middle class children are deprived of this way of education. TV, computers, etc are giving rise to eye-sight and obesity problems. In this century electronic media has gained preference over other things it’s not Just used for any single purpose but have vast purposes. But for all what it can harm then that truly depends upon our usage to this bounty of science. We can take some protective measures to be safe Just in case but if we are being careless in way we use electronic media then that would be biased to say that this media has many harmful effect in its usage. It is said who will win the media war will be most successful. Concluding it can be said that if we want to be dominant in the world, we will have to accept the challenge of electronic media otherwise we will be limping and looking at others. Amna Knan Biochemistry English 2042 B. S. II year Submitted To: Miss Zunaira Sultan

Cover Letter stating interest and intent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cover Letter stating interest and intent - Essay Example In addition, as a study student during Seoul Korea educational trip, I acquired effective public administration policies. The leadership and administration skills remain imperious in effective management of Fort Collins community and initiation of economic activities. Besides the aforementioned skills, I have had comprehensive experience in sustainable and successful research as a beneficiary of Seoul Metropolitan Government. Moreover, economic development experience gained as an intern at City of Clermont would be domineering in assisting me establish viable economic activities for improvement of Fort Collins and its community. Furthermore, I would have the greatest ability to initiate efficient planning and management programs that would uplift economy of Fort Collins’ community Moreover, I have acquired exceptional planning, coordination, and management skills as an intern and student. I anticipate to graduate with a masters degree in urban and regional planning and I believe that the course have equipped me with unbeatable organization techniques that would successful execute the outlined duties and responsibilities. Moreover, intern experience at Osceola and City organizations granted me an immediate experience in public participation, interaction, planning, and development skills that I believe would be authoritative in administration and management of the organization. Furthermore, my flexible and accommodative interpersonal skills, natural preference for change and working with people would be indispensable in establishing a result-oriented workforce at your supportive

THE PAYG SYSTEM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE PAYG SYSTEM - Essay Example The tax tables under PAYG system are structured to result in a refund when an Income tax return is processed. This refund culture encourages strong compliance with annual returns. PAYG also provides flexibility, ability to alter the taxation payments based on the current income received. PAYG has removed lack of equity in payment timing between individuals and companies. Henceforth, tax payers need to file only one form and make one payment for each quarter. PAYG allows the netting off Liabilities and credits. Tax payers like Individuals, Corporate, Trustees, Mutual insurance associates, etc having Business and Investment income are subjected to PAYG Installment system. A taxpayer is subjected to PAYG installment system if his most recent income tax assessment shows more than $2000 of gross investment or business income or if his recent income tax return resulted in a tax debt of over $500. PAYG installments are generally payable quarterly. The due dates by which quarterly installments are required to be paid are 28th July, 28th October, 28th February and 28th April. Certain tax payers like primary producers and Special professionals can pay two installments per year. These tax payers need to pay 75% of PAYG liability by 28th April and the balance by 28th July. A tax payer is eligible to opt for paying PAYG installment annually under the following circumstances: Payments made to tax payers having income other than business or Investment income like Salaries and wages, Pension Annuity, Dividend, Interest, Royalty are subjected to PAYG Withholding system. PAYG withholding is also applicable to payments to other businesses who do not quote Australian Business Number. Employers deduct tax according to the published tables from wages and the net amount is paid to employees. Employers send the amounts withheld to taxation office, hence this system is called Withholding system. Tax payer has to determine the status of the payees like

Behavioral Aspects of Project Management Paper Essay

Behavioral Aspects of Project Management Paper - Essay Example Establishing mutual norms and assumptions of behavior in organization, culture therefore influences the selection, priorities and ultimate success of projects. Manifested in its key elements, such as ceremonies, rituals, stories and symbols, culture can encourage certain projects, running the project on time and within budget, close team cooperation and commitment to project goals. For example, the company can hold an annual ceremony to recognize and reward the most successful team of the year or the best team that completed the project strictly on schedule and within budget. Such ceremonies then become a part of the organization's culture, which in turn influences the future projects' selection and success. One of the major components of team commitment is organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). "OCBs are acts that promote the organization's interest, but are not formally a part of any person's documented job requirements. They include behaviors such as volunteering for assignments,staying late to finish a task, or voicing opinion on critical organizational issues" (Wagner and Hollenbeck, 2005, p. 144).

Leadership Approach of Habermas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership Approach of Habermas - Essay Example The essay "Leadership Approach of Habermas" talks about the leadership theories that comprise of all the factors that are helpful in making a good leader and particularly the Habermas Approach. The main subject matter of the Great Man theory is that the leaders have inherent qualities of leadership from their birth and those qualities can not be injected into any ordinary person. The term ‘Great Man’ is used because at that time it was mainly referred to the male military leaders and it portrayed them as mythical heroes. The trait theory of leadership have few similarities with the previously discussed Great Man theories, it emphasizes on certain qualities that a leader possess. Those qualities are the factors that make a good leader and they are identified from the behavior and personalities of great leaders. The theory had limitations in explaining the fact what if any ordinary person possesses those qualities but he is not a leader. The contingency theory of leadership has its focus on the specific environmental variables which determines the leadership style according to the circumstances. The theory emphasizes that there is no particular style of leadership which can suit in every situation so; the leaders have to be flexible in their style to tackle various situations. The situational theories of leadership emphasize on the choice of action by the leaders which best suits the present situation. Though different leadership styles can be more appropriate in a case of some specific decision makings.

Psychological theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Psychological theories - Research Paper Example People need to feel loved and appreciated in order for them to change from bad habits (Schur,  2001). Therefore, the society should treat people in a better way instead of labeling them. This way, persons will not feel stigmatized despite their past actions. Instead, they will even desire to change in and become better persons. Therefore, indeed labeling theory has a significant effect on the psychology of an individual. Background Most of the crimes in the world are usually owed to poverty or lack. Although it is true that individuals may commit some crimes such as theft due to lacking some materials possessions, other crimes such as murder cannot be owed to lack or insufficiency of wealth. Serial killers are mostly defined as individuals who kill more than three people within a very period. For instance, records kept of serial killers show that they killed upto three victims per day. Serial killers do not just murder their victims. Most of them rape or sodomize their victims befo re putting them to death. There have also been cases of killers who mutilate the bodies after the victims have died. It is for these reasons that serial killers are thought to be psychopaths who have no conscience at all. Scholars assert that serial killers mainly murder out of psychological reasons such as labeling by the society (Cote,  2002). ... In addition, they are also not individuals who will have regrets after committing their crimes. Instead, scholars assert that these individuals derive fun and pleasure from these inhuman acts. The Labeling Theory and Crime The labeling theory states that people can create an individual’s bad character when they stigmatize them (Bryant, 2012). For instance, when an individual has been charged with criminal activities, people in the society are likely to label him or her as a criminal. The labeling theory asserts that; when an individual has been labeled in a certain way in the society, they tend to start acting according to their label (Cote,  2002). In addition, when people feel they are being treated like criminals they become frustrated and filled with anger. Therefore, the only way to vent this anger is by murder, as a way of taking revenge on humans. The theory also asserts that persons that have been labeled do not have peace inside themselves. Therefore, in order to en sure that other persons are also not peaceful too, the individuals prefer to take their lives by killing them. Therefore, the key causal factor arising from labeling theory is frustration. Individuals become frustrated due to stigmatization in the society. The labeling theory asserts that when an individual has been labeled, a number of factors in him become affected and thus, he starts engaging in criminal activities. This is because; labeling significantly affects the psychology of an individual. Labeling theory and the Social Psychology of an individual The social psychology of an individual refers to his social attributes. While some individuals are born while antisocial naturally, labeling affects the

Unit 9 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Unit 9 - Assignment Example There is a basic difference between management accounting and financial accounting. While the former provides necessary information to the management so that they can make right decisions for the company, the latter provides financial data to the shareholders, creditors and other stakeholders so that they can get information about past and present conditions of the company. Management accounting provides information about future trend of the company as managers need this information to make long term decisions while financial accounting provides factual data to shareholders and creditors so that they assess the performance of the company as their funds are in stake. One major purpose of management accounting is to provide cost information about products and services. Costs are classified into five broad groups – behavior, traceability, controllability, relevance, and function. Behavior costs can be fixed, variable or mixed. Fixed costs do not change with increase in the volume of production like rent, variable costs can increase with increase in the volume of production like wages and cost of raw materials, and mixed costs are combination of both fixed and variable costs. Traceability costs can be direct costs that are incurred specifically for production like wages of factory workers, and indirect costs that cannot be specified as specific cost of production like salaries of office employees. Controllability costs can be controllable like wages of workers since number of labors can be reduced with proper management, and uncontrollable costs like house rent has to be paid irrespective of the volume of production. Costs of relevance can be sunk, out-of-pocket, and opportunity costs. Sunk costs are those expenses that have been made and cannot be recovered like costs incurred in installing a machinery which turns out to be unproductive.

The Economics of Crime and Capital Punishment Essay

The Economics of Crime and Capital Punishment - Essay Example   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Economics of Crime† The economics of crime is the study of factors that cause crime and the consequences of criminal activities in the society as well as approaches towards the reduction of the criminal effects on the society. Economics of crime deals with the costs of criminal justice programs and policies and their benefits to the society. It also deals with analyzing market progress in regard to all activities associated with a crime like drugs, money laundering, and firearms, among others. Economics of crime still evaluates the effects of criminal activities on other aspects of life like healthcare, education, labor market, and substance abuse. â€Å"Capital Punishment† Capital punishment is a method of executing justice especially to offenders who have committed acute crimes like murder. It was highly practiced in ancient days, but later some people and courts found it unconstitutional and against human rights. There have been issues of debate on whet her it should be abolished or it should continue, and this remains a major issue of concern. Many countries so far have abolished capital punishment for all crimes, though there are others that retain it. However, the practice has not proved to be the best in deterring crimes. People differ on the kind of crimes on which capital punishment should be accorded, and the issue remains unresolved. However, capital punishment has a number of effects on the economy of a country especially with the processes involved in administering justice to offenders, and its cost to the entire society. The Common Economic View The economics of crime and capital punishment go hand in hand in dealing with the economic issues. The economics of crime help in determining the cost a country incurs when administering justice to offenders. For example, the society uses public and private resources to prevent crimes and administer justice to offenders. The economics of crime helps to know the type and amount of resources used to give punishment to offenders. Capital punishment, on the other hand, affects the economy of a country to a greater extent. Administering punishment to an offender goes through a number of processes that involve the use of many resources mainly because of its passing through the different panels to justify the offender’s liability for capital punishment. Thus, it affects the economy widely and should be discouraged. Friedman’s Letter to Bill Bennett The main topic in this article is the use of law enforcement to control drug use in America. This letter is important because it talks about the cost incurred in fighting drug use in America (Friedman 85). Milton urges Bill that the direction they take off using more police, imposing harsh penalties for drug users, increasing jails, among other measures will not help in fighting drug abuse in America, but would rather worsen the current situation. Milton argues that the measures taken are only a source of major evils. Enforcing harsh penalties on drug users only increases disasters for both users and society (Friedman 86).